Analysis of the Machine That Won the War Essay

â€Å"The Machine That Won the War,† by Isaac Asimov, is a story that teaches a valuable lesson about humanity and also has an ironic twist at the end.  The setting is the future of Earth, and a great war had just been won against an enemy race. Two men, Swift and Henderson, are debating over who really won the war for Earth: the giant strategy computer known as Multivac, or the men in charge of making the maneuvers and programming the computer. John Henderson is an excitable man, while Lamar Swift, the military captain, is calm but rational. While the people hailed the computer, the two really knew who the heroes were. Henderson explained the fact that Multivac was nothing more than a large machine, only capable of doing what it was programmed to do. He stated that ever since the beginning of the war, he had been hiding a secret. It was the fact that some of its (Multivac’s) data might have been unreliable. This conflict, as you will note later, helped win the war. The great computer was capable of creating a direct battle plan which Earth forces could use to attack their enemies. However, with Henderson inputting faulty data, this caused some of the battle plans to be unreliable. His internal conflict between himself losing his job and wanting to keep it made him jingle with the programming until it seemed right. This foreshadowing helps the reader to see that someone is going to have to act upon Henderson’s faults if the war is to be won. Swift, the military commander, received these battle plans that Henderson had ‘printed up’ out on the front (the front being the battle front). He, realizing that some of these plans were outrageous, had to act upon a different form of machine. Swift’s motivation for not always acting upon what was laid before him helped change the course of the war. He told Henderson that when faced with the difficult decisions, he didn’t use Multivac’s data all of the time. This conflict, making these tough decisions, helps influence the climax. The climax of the story comes when Swift tells Henderson he used a coin to make all of the though decisions instead of Multivac’s data. This use of ‘situation irony’ shows us that in the worst imaginable scenario, the outcome is actually made so simply. The  lesson I found in this story is to not always trust what you see before you, and that human beings will forever take chances even in the riskiest of situations. In conclusion,†The Machine That Won the War,† taught us all a valuable lesson about how humans think, and contained a humorous, ironic ending which stunned (or should have stunned) everyone.

Addressing Inequality in the “Land of Opportunity”

The meaning or definition of what America is, was, or could become is the main subject that the two opposing voices relate in Langston Hughes’ poem Let America be America Again. Both voices acknowledge America is not the America that was envisioned by its founders/architects – i.e. a state built on the principles of freedom and equality, a land of opportunity for all. However, while the first voice simply calls for a recovery of the ideal America, the second voice, through articulations of the reality of social inequalities in America, argues for a reexamination of the said ideal, with the desired effect of making America  Ã‚   â€Å"The land that never has been yet–/And yet must be–the land where every man is free.† (lines 19-20) â€Å"Let America be America again† (line 1) , the first speaker begins. To him, America was a dream of dreamers, a â€Å"great strong land of love† (line 7), where â€Å"opportunity is real, and life is free/equality is in the air we breathe†. (line 13) He assertively states his notions of what America ought to be. However, he fails to identify what America has become instead. He also does not specify who the dreamers that dreamed America are, nor does he clarify who the â€Å"we† for whom equality. The choice of word â€Å"again† and the first speaker’s c onstant use of it suggest that to put America to its right direction, one needs to reacquaint the state to the glories it once had. However the assertion of the second speaker of America as the â€Å"never was† contrasts the difference of position of the two speakers. The second speaker contests the possibility that America had been the place where equality once reigned as he mumbles back to the first speaker that   Ã¢â‚¬Å"(There's never been equality for me/Nor freedom in this ‘homeland of the free.’) (lines 15-16) The disillusionment or discontentment in the tone of the second speaker who claims he is one of â€Å"the people† who built America challenges the first speaker’s idealization of America’s past. Also read: Was the American West a Land of Opportunity? The first speaker talks of freedom, equality for all but he/she could not even realize that there could be an opposition or challenge to his/her claims so he/she asks â€Å"Say, who are you that mumbles in the dark? /And who are you that draws your veil across the stars?† (lines 17-18) when he/she hears mumbles as he/she spoke. The first speaker addresses the person as if their existence were hardly thought of as he/she talked about America’s past and future. The second voice introduces himself: â€Å"I am† as the first voice is unable to recognize the second voice, who represents disenfranchised classes in America, the very reason America is not his ideal America, shows the first speaker's position in the society he seeks altered: he is an observer, not immersed in the reality of inequality and selective granting of rights, which the second voice knows first-hand.     Further on, he states that he (they) originated the dream of America. He briefly details America's founders – immigrants all, seeking escape from serfdom in the Old World, desiring a â€Å"home of the free’. According to the second voice, as America was founded by immigrants, and its industries and agriculture were built and maintained by laborers, these members of American society have a historically-supported claim to the freedom and equality deprived of them. The second speaker calls for a collective action of the people to rebuild America to be a place for the people, the dreamers who could call it â€Å"the land of the free† and not just for the few privileged people. The contesting ideas of the two voices/speakers in the poem about America stress that America as a country, as a word and even as a symbol for freedom and equality is a space of struggle between those who have the luxury to contemplate an abstract America and those who are immersed with the reality of how oppressive America is to the working classes and the ones with racial distinctions. To one, America is the dream of vague dreamers meant for an unspecified mass. To the other, America is a state built by people wishing to escape oppression in their nations of origin. America could not just be painted in the perspective of one person and that discussion of freedom and equality could not be easily hoped for a country until one recognizes the problems faced by all sectors of the society.

Orchid Partners: Executive Summary Essay

Orchid Partners is a Venture Capital firm being founded by give general partners Todd Krasnow, Susan Pravda, David Friend, Bill Nelson and Jeff Flowers – who have known each other for many years in various professional and personal capacities. All four partners are driven and committed to this  venture and bring the strength of prior experience in venture capital industry, entrepreneurship, operations (hands-on running of businesses), raising capital to fund ventures, familiarity with the deal making process on either side of the table, as well experience in multiple industries. Moreover, their strengths are complementary such that they overcome individual weaknesses – eg. Friend prefers to be a visionary and rainmaker, while Krasnow has operational expertise and Susan holds the fund together. The timing and personal goals of the partners also align during the founding of Orchid. However, neither individual has experience being a general partner in a venture capital fund, and the group needs to work together cohesively and decide the best strategy for the fund. Individual strengths and weaknesses are detailed below Name Todd Krasnow Susan Pravda David Friend Bill Nelson Strengths Extensive experience and understanding of retail operations and marketing in food-grocery, office supply and dry cleaning industry Proven leadership and entrepreneurship skills Ability to lead operations from conceptual to executional stage and drive growth across geographies with hands-on, analytical and unemotional approach Experienced in raising money for entrepreneurship ventures Networking skills along with ability to create and sustain alliances with multiple firms Known for strategizing and negotiation skills along with legal prowess Ability to multitask while overseeing smooth functioning of firm managing operations, budgeting, finance and compensation Systematic and great at time management Successful entrepreneur and angel investor in technology sector with CEO experience Fundraising skills and great network. Sits on boards of companies Innovator, with varied interests and respected public figure, leading to network across horizontal strata of society Veteran with valuable operating expertise along with CEO experience across multiple companies in lifetime Reputation of being turnaround specialist with experience in operations and giving businesses a new lease of life with spectacular growth Valuable network, since sits on boards of companies and educational institutes Skilled negotiator Main Weakness Perceived as wild card with little tech  experience Taking on the partnership may be too much on  her plate Wants to be rainmaker and visionary and  doesn’t like to be involved in day to day  operations Market savvy and ability to understand and foresee technology trends Well experienced entrepreneur having served as CTO of three companies Innovator and holder of patents in technology sector Jeff Flowers Due diligence expert for technology retreated aspects of VC firms Orchid’s fund-raising activities Each of the general partners committed $2 million towards the fund. Initially, Orchid directed its fund-raising efforts towards personal  contacts of the partners, wealthy people they believed may be interested in investing in their firm. Friend could get commitments of $50,000 to $500,000, but that was miniscule in comparison to their initial target of $50 million. The major problems with this approach were: 1. During the first round of fundraising, it is difficult to convince individual investors of the viability of the deals the firm has in the pipeline and hence get their buy-in without having other investors. It leads to a cause and effect problem, where people are reluctant to invest since they do not have sufficient funds from other investors already. Also, individual investors typically invest smaller amounts as compared to larger institutional investors. 2. Also, Pravda, Krasnow and Flowers were not able to spend dedicated time to fundraising activities, since they were working full time. Thus, initially, the effectiveness of fund-raising activities was limited by Friend’s activities alone. Once they realized that these initial efforts may not be so effective in raising the requisite amount, they decided to target institutional investors, raise a large chunk of the target amount and then approach individual investors for the remaining amount. Similar to other industries, VC fund investors also constitute of different segments, i.e. innovators, early adopters, resistors (laggards). This had a huge implication on Orchid’s fund raising activities. It was essential for them to raise the initial few millions through institutional investors enough to reach critical mass, following which the laggards and the other skeptical investors follow into innovators’ footsteps. Thus, they should engage with friendly institutional investors at first. This essentially meant two major changes in their fundraising strategy: 1. Revise the target upwards: The initial target of $50 million was too small for them to sustain the fund through consecutive rounds of investing. Also, since institutional investors tend to invest in larger amounts (increments of $5-20 million), a larger fund would make it easier for them to participate. 2. Revise the Pitch: Their initial pitch was targeted at individual investors, and thus delved deep into the nuances of the VC market, which was not relevant to the institutional investors. Thus, they decided to focus the pitch more on their core competencies. Deal Sourcing The company started with the assumption that other VCs would be an excellent source of new deals. It believed that the expertise they had in varied sector and emerging technologies was not very common amongst VC circuit and they could pick up companies in the early stages of operation and needed small funding. Friends from other VC companies would suggest the companies that do not fit their criteria or need small funding in series A. Orchid partners felt that the approach was in their best interest considering that fact the market would not trust a new VC fund start up easily and established limited partners might not take a chance with such companies. Orchid Partners were following practices common for deal sourcing in the venture capital universe. Their strategies dealt with by focusing on long-term relationships built with sellers and management teams in the local region of New England. To start with, Orchid’s plan to leverage industry contacts of its partners and VCs to provide a pipeline of deals might be good in the short run. In future, as the size of the fund grows, sustaining a steady pipeline would be rather difficult. Orchid devised a strategy to concentrate only the areas that it was knew best since each partner had unique background and was a specialist is their field. The approach was to assign a partner to every sector in which the company had expertise. The partner was then responsible for carrying out the due diligence and also comprehensive study of the industry and exit option of the firm. The issue with this approach is that the partner already has heavy involvement in the deal before pitching it to all the partners. Since the firm size was small  and every partner was an expert in their own field there is a chance that they could get too attached to their views and push for the investment. In  addition, this model assumes that the partner would be able to analyse every aspect of the business i.e. taking into consideration the legal, financial, administrative and operative aspects of the business which might not always be feasible. Orchid Partners could build a specialist team trained in outbound origination programs who would be experts in scouring industry forums and the upcoming internet. Matching historical deal to the industries in focus with investment financing from banks might also help in generating leads from financial institutions. Dealing with Limited Partners In 2003, the PE industry is just recovering from a downturn and the Early-stage investing part of the market is largely underserved. Also, the Orchid Partners team is well diversified and has strong experience with them w.r.t. growing, managing and turning-around businesses. However, since their fund is new and doing the first round of fundraising, they don’t have the liberty of being too demanding from the Limited Partners in terms of the deal terms. It is advisable that they focus on the following deal terms: Fund term: The Partners should look at a fund term of at least 5-7 years which will have an investment period of 3-4 years. They can start the negotiation with 7 years fund term and as a worst case look to close at 5. Since they are focusing on technology and technologyenabled businesses, a term of 5-7 years should be enough to close the fund. Management fee: Orchid Partners should look at management fee of 3% considering the fact that they are raising a small fund and they would need sufficient capital to hire a team, rent an office and cover other administrative costs. Post negotiation, they should look to keep this component at 2.5% at minimum. Hurdle rate: Since the fund is new in the market, it will be advisable to offer preferential returns to the LPs before the GPs can carry a part of the profits with them. Orchid Partners should set this rate at 8%, the industry norm. Carry: Orchid Partners should offer a straight, non-negotiable carry contract of 20:80 where-in they will keep 20% of the profits and distribute 80% of the profits to the LPs, once the Hurdle Rate has been met. Distribution waterfall: Orchid Partners should propose that the returns generated by exit from the investments will be distributed to the LPs in a pro-rata to amount of the LP’s money invested in the business which is being exited. GP’s contribution to the fund: This is important as it signals the commitment of the GPs to the fund and ensures incentive compatibility between the LPs and the GPs. They should invest at least 10% of the fund size to the fund to assure the LPs that the GPs have enough skin in the game.

Analysis of Escobar's thesis compare and contrast his theological Essay

Analysis of Escobar's thesis compare and contrast his theological contribution - Essay Example The liberation theology was the creation of the Catholic Christianity (Prahalad & Doz, 2007, p. 125). In addition, Escobar argues that the majority of the theologians apply two principles in the liberation mission. They include an examination of the social, economic and political aspects of the missionary enterprise itself, and, secondly, an understanding of the missionary enterprise within a global observation of human history (Escobar, 2003, p. 137). This study reveals that the Escobar’s perception on the Missiology that ignores serious consideration of both the social and political realities is misplaced. Escobar believes that Liberation Theology applies incorrect principles for creating a theology of mission, instead asserts that the basis for a proper theology of mission is the social sciences and Biblical Disclosure (Rodriguez, 2012, p. 111). Furthermore, Escobar dismisses the Liberation theology justification that people first perceive God in history and then go the scr ipture to reaffirm their belief. Escobar proposes that the Bible, particularly the Biblical Christology, is the fundamental basis for theology of mission. In summary, Escobar admits that Evangelical Missiology will be formed with and by the populace, yet its foundation is not in the people, but instead with the Evangelical commitments. Comparison of Escobar’s theology with Moltmann’s theology Samuel Escobar is a leading Latin American Theologian. Escobar was among the principal participants in the international Congress on World Evangelization. Escobar constructs a theology of mission on the social and political realities, which is a total contrast with Moltmann who bring a systematic theology based on the element of eschatology (Rodriguez, 2012, p. 128). Escobar asserts that the realties in theology should be constructed out of the biblical revelation and aspects of social sciences. Moltmann focuses on four lines of thought, which include the notion of an eschatologic al open future, the Christian theology of history, the Trinitarian sending God and the scope of salvation. Moltmann believes that the prospect of history should be kept open as the meadow of God’s puzzling and capricious works since a closed history robs hope for the future. This is because a closed history denies hope for the future (Rodriguez, 2012, p. 101). It is imperative to note that this claim is fundamental to Missiology since it attempts to elucidate God’s plans and distinctiveness. On the other hand, the Trinitarian Theology forms a fundamental aspect to Mission work. Moltmann asserts that, mission originates from the very being of God and not an activity of human beings. This aspect indicates that, there exists a link amid systematic theology of the Trinity and the mission work. Moreover, the Moltmann’s Systematic study of the nature of Christian prospect is critical because it preserves the veracity of the human familiarity of time and the certainty of God’s manifestation partaking in time while addressing the nature of God and of time. Numerous theologians have supported Moltmann’s theology by asserting that, it is fundamental to mission theologians since it is future directed and oriented (Prahalad & Doz, 2007, p. 128). This theology is significant since it has enhanced understanding of God’s mission in relation to a certain amount of tension of God’s rule both now and in the future. In conclusion, the

How Brand Awareness Can Gain Competitive Advantage To Companies A Case Dissertation

How Brand Awareness Can Gain Competitive Advantage To Companies A Case Study Of Coca Cola Company In UK - Dissertation Example This dissertation focuses on the Coca-cola company that is a competitive brand and its use of marketing techniques seems to be a bullet proof formula for success. Therefore the intention of this dissertation is to identify exactly how coca-cola uses brand awareness to gain a competitive advantage over its competitors. This is extremely important in terms of emerging markets like the technology sector. If companies can identify exactly how to imitate the coca-cola method to brand awareness, then they will be able to capture a leading position within the category. The researcher of this dissertation discusses various aims and objectives of this work, such as: to identify the tactics used by Coca-Cola to maximize its brand awareness, to critically evaluate the methods used by Coca-Cola within the context of the â€Å"22 Immutable Laws of Marketing† by Al Ries and Jack Trout, to Compare and Contrast the methods used by Coca-Cola and Pepsi, to identify other sectors that may benefi t from mimicking Cola’s marketing platform and to identify areas where Coke may be vulnerable. In conclusion, the researcher tries to explore the consumer aptitude regarding the efficacy of Coca-Cola branding campaign. This will help us determine how individuals perceive the brand, where they developed those perceptions, and how likely their perceptions are to change. After analyzing how consumers feel about the brand, the researcher states that he will be able to developed a formula for brand efficiency.

Individual marketing plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Individual marketing plan - Essay Example gement, this airline was subjected to massive financial losses during the period of 2010, As a result of minimization in its passenger count and increase in the flight charges (Guardian News and Media Limited, 2014). The potentiality of this airline was also affected by the economic turmoil during the period of 2009 that turned out as a disastrous chain of events against the premium flight service suit that this brand has developed over its functional years (IG, 2014). Taking these aspects into consideration, the discussion henceforth will focus towards creating a marketing plan for boosting up the business process of British Airways in the near future. The detailed elaborations of such aspects have been provided in the later portion of the discussions. The success rate of the marketing plan associated with British Airways will specifically rely upon the present situation of the UK market. As per the current records, the economic conditions prevailing within the UK has stabilized to a major extent after being subjected to the 2009 economic recession. The stabilization factor also encompasses the growth of tourism and other business sectors that has the potential of laying intensive positive impacts towards the growth of this leading airline brand. Previous records in this respect points toward the excessive travel rates of this brand, within low-income economies, that resulted in its decline (IBISWorld, 2014). Thus, the primary marketing strategy that is worth suggesting concentrates on the development of cost effective travel packages that will help the brand in regaining its hold over the competitive flight travel market. In addition, the growing pace of the small and medium scale business processes has also supported the need fo r increasing flight travels, creating a potential market space for growth (BA Media Ltd., 2013). However, the period after the 2009 recession, has also addressed the introduction of multiple new players within the market that has

Opinion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Opinion - Essay Example ovide the police officers with protection from the retaliation of the surprised residents as they might retaliate in self-defense, to provide the private property with protection from harm, and to safeguard the dignity and privacy of the residents. Considering the details of the Hudson v. Michigan case, it becomes obvious that the police officers did not face retaliation from the residents. They neither damaged any private property of the residents nor harmed the dignity of the residents and particularly Hudson. Although his privacy might be considered intruded into, yet this is balanced out by the fact that Officer Jamal Good did wait for three to five seconds before entering Hudson’s home, which can be considered a reasonable time considering the fact that the investigation was made fundamentally to find drugs and firearms that could have easily been hidden had the police waited any longer. Besides, the knock-and-announce rule was never employed to protect the personal inter est of a resident in hiding the evidence needed by a warrant from the government. If Hudson was granted his appeal, the negative effects of the decision would have far outweighed the positive outcomes and the decision would have led to increased and unreasonable freedom of the convicts in the future cases as well. The criminal procedure in the US is derived from a range of legal sources that include but are not limited to the US Constitution’s baseline protections, state statutes, federal statutes, state and federal rules regarding the criminal procedure, and the federal and state case laws. The criminal procedure in the US has a very rational process of presentation of evidence in which the case is first presented by the prosecution in which the prosecution summarizes its arguments through an opening statement. The defense in turn might wait for the prosecution to complete its presentation of the case completely or might give its opening statement. The prosecution calls upon the

Criminal Conspiracy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Criminal Conspiracy - Essay Example & Scheb, (2011), the main aim for the reformation of this system was that it was to temporarily curb the pending review and reform the law relating to fraud, offensiveness and indecency as well as shaping the view of society as a whole. The law has now been reformed by the Fraud Acts in which the government waits to see how the law operates so as to come up with relative changes or abolish common law conspiracy to defraud. International trade has also seen various cases of fraud and the United Stated has moved in to combat such as well as get rid of some of the practices such as washing dirty money that comes with many conspiracy cases. Major problems were experienced in the early years after Acts over how the preserved common law conspiracy to defraud dovetailed with the new statutory conspiracy to commit a crime as frequently, an agreement to defraud will necessarily involve an agreement to commit a substantive offence entailing dishonesty such as theft or the new offence of fraud under the Fraud Act. A typical example would be when A and B agree a scheme to dupe people into investing money in a non-existent company intending to disappear with the money subscribed. To do this would be to certainly agree to defraud the investors, but it will also be an agreement to commit the crime of fraud by false representation in benefit of an individual, (Levy, Karst & Winkler, 2000). According to the Missouri revised statutes, a person is guilty of conspiracy with another person to commit an offense it he agrees with another person that one of them or both engage in a conduct that constitutes conspiracy. Conspiring also with a third party knowingly will also make the other two parties guilty of conspiracy whether the identities are known or not. Further conspiracy may be committed by a person conspiring to commit a number of offences that have the same results as conspiracy on the other hand no one shall be convicted if he prevented the accomplishment of the objectives of

GMR (Giant magneto-Resistance) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

GMR (Giant magneto-Resistance) - Essay Example The path thus travelled is called the mean free path length. The electrical resistance is directly proportional to this mean free length. The inference is, more the free length less is the bombardment of the electron with other atomic particles hence less is the resistance of the material. However in materials that are very thin the chances of electrons reaching its outer boundary very quickly and getting dispersed are more than getting scattered by other electrons within the material itself. The low thickness of the material thus creates it difficult for the electrons to travel thereby increasing the resistance. The diagram indicated above show the manner in which resistivity increases with decrease of mean free path. In order to achieve this GMR effect another key in the construction of this film is that these are manufactured in thin layers of magnetic and non-magnetic materials.( Application Notes for GMR Sensors, 2010) The GMR film is such that the magnetization of the two layers separated by the non magnetic layer creates an anti-ferromagnetic coupling. It means when there is no externally applied magnetic field the magnetization of these two layers is in the opposite direction. Under the influence of an external magnetic field the electrons in each magnetic layer aligns according to its spin. Since the spin direction is opposite in these two layers either electron from each layer scatters off the boundary of the other magnetic layer. This results in a huge decrease of the mean free length of the electron causing an increase in electrical resistance. If however the magnetic field exceeds a certain limit this boundary barrier is overcome as all electrons in both the magnetic layers acquire the same spin. Thus the movement of electrons are eased leading to decrease in resistance.( Application Notes for GMR Sensors, 2010) The

Starting a small business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Starting a small business - Essay Example Small businesses are of advantage because they can be started on a very low cost and investment and also on a part time basis. These businesses are mostly popular in all the countries but they exceed in number in developing countries. There are many organizations which offer help while developing and starting a new business in the market. Internet businesses can very well be termed as small businesses and can be established easily because of their nature. When starting a small business, one of the major important decisions one has to take is the selection of the location. This is one of the riskiest decisions an individual takes while starting the business. Usually the trend has been observed that people prefer to install their businesses in the area of their hometown. This place is closer to their family and friends. There are many reasons for this choice. The first or the foremost is the personal reason according to which people usually don't want to leave their hometown and develop a business away from their families when they can happily to do in their own vicinity closer to people they love and care about. While taking such a crucial step in life, one needs their family the most (Perri, 2006).

Women and Learderhip Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Women and Learderhip - Essay Example An example is the trait leadership theory. In this theory, it is believed that some people are born to lead. They inherit traits that deem them viable leaders. In the early days, men were the leaders and few women if any were given leadership roles. Thus, the inheritance theory insinuates that the leadership traits are passed down along gender lines. However, such traditional leadership theories have been modified by more current leadership theories. An example of such a theory is the behavioral leadership theory. In this scenario, leadership traits are acquired rather than inherited. The current theories are not gender biased and thus, anyone with the capability of acquiring the traits is regarded as a leader. The theories also give opportunities for people to rise to leadership responsibilities. Napoleon was a great leader and he led his army into many successful battles. The fact that he was participating in the war and fought along his men says that he led by example. This is considered as one of the most important traits in leadership. Leading by example creates confidence among the people working under you. Building confidence ensures that there is a good working environment and that the activity that people are undertaking is productive. Leading by example also allows a leader to evaluate the various situations that people encounter in the process of any activity. Thus, if any, immediate decisions need to be made, a leader can easily make a sound decision as he/she was involved in the proceedings. In this case, situational leadership is effective in cases where the leader was actively involved in the project. Leading by example allows for an environment where leaders can interact with their staff. Through this interaction, a leader gets to know areas where his/her team is weak and can rectify it so as to give a maximum output. Leaders interacting with their teams also create an environment where any team player can relay any

The Great Depression Essay Example for Free

The Great Depression Essay In 1932, the USA was in an economic depression. The Great Depression. President Hoover introduced the â€Å"Old Deal† to protect American industries by aiming to prevent the price of imported goods from being lower than the price of local goods. He felt it was up to individual Americans to sort out their own economic problems. With the failure of the Old Deal, Franklin D. Roosevelt offered a â€Å"New Deal† for America. The Democratic Party nominated Roosevelt to stand for president in 1932. Being more flexible and more willing to experiment the Hoover, Roosevelt won the 1932 elections, have more the 60% of the votes. Roosevelt’s New Deal focused on three things: Relief, Recovery and Reform. These aims were to bring relief to the poor, help the country recover to industry and agriculture, and to prevent another depression by introducing social reforms. The New Deal was not a set plan or strategy, but rather a series of improvisations and experiments to survive the depression and preserve capitalism. During the Great Depression, many banks had failed, wiping out families savings. People had lost confidence in the banks. To restore this confidence, on his second day of office, Roosevelt declared a four-day â€Å"Banking Holiday†, where he closed all the banks in order to re-organise themselves. Congress passed the Emergency Banking Relief Act, which only allowed banks with enough money and properly managed accounts to re-open. Roosevelt explained the complexities of the banking problem to the public in his first â€Å"fire-side chat†. This restored the people’s confidence in the banks. The Depression also made the level of unemployment sky-rocket. To fix this problem, Roosevelt launched many new agencies with the Works Progress Administration (WPA), which created four million new jobs during the 1930’s. Some of these agencies were the AAA, CCC, SEC, FERA and the SSA. The Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA) made the government pay farmers not to work. This caused prices to rise and halted overproduction. The Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA) gave direct relief ($) to those who needed it. The Social Securities Act (SSA) was established to provide old-age pensions for workers, survivor’s benefits for victims of industrial accidents, unemployment insurance and aid for dependent mothers and children, the blind and physically disabled. The SSA received its funds from government taxes. Although Roosevelt was victoriously re-elected in 1936, his reform programme slowed. Factors, such as his failure to re-organise the Supreme Court to get more support for his policies, led to more opposition to government spending and taxes. This was his greatest mistake. Some of the positive out-comes of the New Deal was that it restored optimism and hope to American’s and provided the necessary relief to many. But, there were negative out-comes as well. Of these was that it did not really fix the depression and it left the nation with much debt. It also left people too dependent on the government.

Islamic and Conventional Banking: Customer Satisfaction

Islamic and Conventional Banking: Customer Satisfaction Customer satisfaction is a business term which measure that how products and services supplied by a company or business organisation meet or fulfil customer expectations. Customer satisfaction is believed a very important and key performance indicator within a business. In a competitive marketplace where businesses compete for customers, customer satisfaction is a key differentiator and has become a very important element of business strategy. Banking is a customer oriented services industry, therefore, the customer is the focus and customer service is the differentiating factors. When the banks are offering almost the similar products and services with some principal differences. It is the customer satisfaction that can influence the performance and determine the competitiveness and success of either an Islamic or Conventional bank. Banks deal with thousands of customers everyday and render different types of services to them. It is a well known reality and fact that no business can exist and grow without customers. And the satisfaction of these customers is as important as the customers itself are important for any business. Satisfied customers are central to optimal performance and financial returns. Better understanding of customers perceptions is important for a Bank to determine the actions required to meet the customers needs. Banks can identify their own strengths and weaknesses, where they stand in comparison to their competitors, chart out path future progress and improvement. Customer satisfaction measurement helps to promote an increased focus on customer outcomes and stimulate improvements in the work practices and processes used within the company. 1.2 Research Objectives The main aim of this study is to:- Review and analyse the literature available on both Islamic and Conventional bank with special reference to Pakistan. Examine and evaluate the performance of the Islamic and conventional banks in Pakistan. Find out the level of Customers knowledge about the products and services provided by their banks. Find out the factors of customers dissatisfaction from the products and services of their bank. Find out the main factors of motivation for a customer to deal with either an Islamic or a conventional bank. Find out that to what extent customers are satisfied with their banks. 1.3 Research Questions The research is target to examine the Islamic and conventional banking in Pakistan in relation to product analysis and customer satisfaction. This research will be helpful to answer the following questions:- Performance of which form of banking is better than the other and why? What are the main differences between the products offered by the Islamic and Conventional banks in Pakistan? What is the customers satisfaction level with both forms of banking? What are the factors of motivation for a customer to deal with a bank? What are the main factors of customers dissatisfaction from a bank? Which form of banking is more rewarding and reliable in Pakistan? What are the suggestions and recommendation to improve the services and operations of both Islamic and Conventional banks? 1.4 Research Rational The Researcher worked in a conventional bank for about 1 year, at the time when there was no Islamic bank in Pakistan. But there seemed to be a demand in the customer for such kind of banks at that time. Researcher is keen to start his career in the banking sector of Pakistan. At the moment there are about 35 banks working in Pakistan out of which 6 of them are registered as Islamic banks, but majority of the Islamic banks started their operations very recently. But if we compare them with conventional banks in Pakistan conventional banks are much older and larger then these Islamic banks. The Researcher is committed to investigate the principal difference between the both conventional and Islamic banks, their products, their reliability and the factors encouraging the customers to invest their money in any of these two forms of banking. The researcher will also analyse the key factors which play their role in either the satisfaction or dissatisfaction of the customer of these banks and which form of banking is more successful in relation to customer Satisfaction and why? The researcher will also come out with the suggestions to improve the service of the banks to satisfy their customer. 1.5 Research Context Banks are performing various functions to provide variety of products and services for different sectors of the economy. Pakistan came into being in 1947; the first Pakistani bank started its operations the same year in the month of September. Since that time Pakistani banking sector is experiencing difficulties due to unpractical policies and uncertainty. Private Sector banks strongly dominated during the first almost 20 years but all the banks were nationalized in 1974, which proved disastrous move for the banking sector of Pakistan. Nationalization of private banks badly affected the performance of these banks. So, these banks were privatized again in 1992. Pakistans banking sector consists of Scheduled commercial banks, which include nationalized, foreign and private banks. Pakistans banking sector has been going through a comprehensive but complex and very painful process of restructuring since 1997. It is aimed at making these institutions financially sound and forging their li nks firmly with the real sector for promotion of savings, investment and growth. A complete turnaround in this sector will not be possible and is not expected as well but signs of improvement can be seen. Islamic banking was started in the late 70s in Pakistan, but it was initially introduced in the conventional banks. The first Islamic banking license was issued in 2002 to the Meezan Bank Ltd; this bank started its operations in Pakistan in the year 2003. The Islamic banking has gained momentum worldwide. There are more than 185 Islamic banks and financial institutions operating in the world. The popularity of Islamic banking in not limited to Islamic banks only. A large number of conventional banks in Pakistan and all over the world are showing increasing interest in the Islamic banking system as well. The consequence of this is that Islamic banks operating in Islamic countries are faced with strong competition not only from Islamic banks but also from non-Islamic rivals Habib Bank Ltd Habib Banks Ltd. was the first commercial bank to be established in Pakistan in 1947. Over the years, HBL has grown its branch network and become the largest private sector bank with over 1,450 branches across the country and a customer base exceeding five million relationships. The Government of Pakistan privatized HBL in 2004 through which AKFED acquired 51% of the banks shareholding and management control. HBL is majority owned (51%) by the Aga Khan Fund of Economic Development, 42.5% of the shareholding is retained by the Government of Pakistan (GOP), whilst 7.5% is owned by the general public i.e. over 170,000 shareholders following the public listing that took place in July 2007. Nepal, Nigeria, Kenya and Kyrgyzstan and rep offices in Iran and China, HBL is also the largest domestic multinational. The bank is expanding its presence in principal international markets including the UK, UAE, South and Central Asia, Africa and the Far East. Key areas of operations encompass product offering and services in retail and consumer banking. HBL has the largest corporate Banking portfolio in the country with an active investment banking arm. SME and Agriculture lending programmes and banking services are offered in urban and rural centres. HBL is currently rated AA (Long term) and A-1+ (Short term) and has a balance sheet size over USD 11 billion. It is the first Pakistani bank to raise Tier II Capital from external sources. Meezan Bank Ltd. Meezan Bank Limited, a publicly listed company, was incorporated on January 27, 1997 and started operations as an investment bank in August that year. In January, 2002 in a historic initiative, Meezan Bank was granted the nations first full-fledged commercial banking license as a dedicated Islamic Bank, by the State Bank of Pakistan. Meezan Bank has clearly established itself as the largest Islamic Bank in Pakistan with the largest Islamic Banking branch network in the country. The banking sector is showing a significant paradigm shift away from traditional means of business and is catering to an increasingly astute and demanding financial consumer, who is also becoming keenly aware of Islamic Banking. Meezan Bank bears the critical responsibility of leading the way forward in establishing a stable and dynamic Islamic Banking system replete with dynamic and cutting-edge products and services. During the eight years of its operations as an Islamic commercial bank offering universal banking services to customers, Meezan Bank has been one of the fastest growing banks in the history of Pakistans banking sector. Average growth in deposits has been 55% per annum during this period while the branch network grew from 4 to 201. The Bank has established a strong and credible management team comprised of experienced professionals, that have achieved a strong balance sheet with excellent operating profitability and strong ratios, which places the Bank at the top of the Islamic Banking industry. The Bank has been assigned a long-term entity rating of A+ with a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Stable outlook and a short-term entity rating of A1. The Banks main shareholders are leading financial institutions of the Region namely, Noor Financial Investment Company, Kuwait, a leading investment company based in Kuwait; Pak-Kuwait Investment Company, a AAA rated financial entity in the country and the Islamic Development Bank of Jeddah. The established position, reputation, strength and stability, of these institutions add significant value to the Bank through Board representation and applied synergies. The bank has developed an extraordinary research and development capability by combining investment bankers, commercial bankers, Shariah scholars and legal experts to develop innovative, viable, and competitive value propositions that not only meet the requirements of todays complex financial world, but do so with world-class service excellence which our customers demand, all within the bounds of Shariah. Meezan Bank has a strong technology focus. It has invested heavily in state-of-the-art software applications à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" namely Temenos T-24 and Oracle. It has also recently upgraded its hardware platform and also has a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"hot disaster recovery site in place to cater to any unforeseen eventualities. By implementing robust and aggressive strategic and tactical initiatives on the side of consumer banking, Meezan Bank aims to fulfil its prime target of providing customers accessibility and convenience, within an atmosphere and culture of dedicated service and recognition of their needs. The Bank has a rapidly growing branch network across all major cities nation-wide. Meezan Bank, believe in adding value to its customers lives and businesses through dynamic and competitive products and services that fulfil their needs while conforming completely to the dictates of Shariah. At the same time, they endeavor to deliver competitive risk-adjusted returns to our stakeholders LITERATURE REVIEW Within the last few years, a number of studies have provided the discipline into the Practice of conventional and Islamic banking sector. An insight of related studies is as follows:- Islamic banks are striving to capture the maximum number of customers to compete with conventional banks by providing a large number of products as an alternative for interest based products. In Pakistan, banks are providing a wide range of products and services and facing intensive competition to attract potential customers. Persuraman et al. (1985, 1991b) devised SERVQUAL model and investigated the service quality. They explored ten dimensions of service quality and refined into five dimensions. It was documented that an increase in service quality and professional behaviour resulted a greater customer satisfaction and reduced customer erosion (Leeds, 1992). The relationship between service quality and Customer satisfaction is becoming crucial with the increased level of awareness among bank customers (Sureshchander et al. 2002). The conventional banking theories assume that banks earn profits by purchasing deposits from the depositors at a low interest rate, then reselling those funds to the Borrowers at higher interest rate, based on its competitive advantage at gathering Information and underwriting risk (Santos, 2000). Therefore, conventional banks Make profits from the spread between the interest rate received from borrowers and the interest rate paid to depositors. Islamic banking is considered as a different banking stream as it prohibits interest and replaces with (a) profit share and (b) the profit share depends on the extent of the risk participation of the parties. The absence of pre-determined rewards is based on Quranic commands and as interpreted using Shariah principles (Ariff, 2006). Islamic banks showed remarkable progress. It has captured a reasonable market share with excellent growth rate of 114% per annum. The increasing number and size of Islamic banks is also a positive sign of development and success. There are six full-fledged Islamic banks working in different cities of Pakistan and 13 conventional banks have started partial Islamic banking practices by establishing a large number of branches exclusively engaged in Islamic banking practices (SBP, 2006). The prohibition of interest in Islam caused many writings to come forward with an idea to establish banks that do not work on interest basis. So the basic difference between Islamic banks and conventional banks is that Islamic banks are interest free banks whereas conventional banks are interest based banks. (Kahf 2006) Although interest and profit are very clear concepts but they are misunderstood by many people. Basic difference between interest and profit is that interest is the reward to money and profit is the reward to capital investment. In other words money produces interest and capital investment produces profits. (Toutounchian 2004) Islamic finance has gripped the world with a strong commitment and passion. It has been depicted that interest in this segment has grown rapidly in almost 60 countries, not only in Islamic countries but in the leading global financial centers. Even United Kingdom has adopted an open door policy and provided a level playing field to Islamic finance and now Singapore is following its lead. (Dr.Shamshad 2007) Islamic banking has shown tremendous growth in the past 20 years, with estimated deposits surpassing $80 billion in more than 45 countries. Annual turnover is currently estimated at $70 billion and is projected to pass $100 billion by 2000. (OSullivan 1994, p. 7) For the last 60 years, the mode of banking in Pakistan was totally of interest based but now there is a shift from western banking to Islamic banking in number of banks in Pakistan and also there are some new banks like Meezan bank which is totally based on Islamic banking. In 2007 Meezan Bank creates a significant milestone in the history of Islamic Banking by opening its 100th branch in the city of Karachi. With 100 branches in 31 cities clearly positions the Bank as the leading Islamic Bank in Pakistan. Two new dedicated Islamic Banks start operations in Pakistan, namely Emirates Islamic Bank and Dawood Islamic Bank. (Meezan Bank 2007) Mishkin (2001) reported that banking and financial services are the integral part of services industry and its contribution is increasing with the passage of time. However, expansion of global and integrated banking sector has to face many challenges of legislation, technological and structural changes (Angur et al. 1999). The relationship between service quality and customer satisfaction is investigated by a number of researchers across the globe. It is concluded that there is strong association between dimensions of service quality and overall customer satisfaction (Anderson and Sullivan, 1993). It is found that the banking industry has a link between service quality and customer satisfaction (Avkiran, 1994). Islamic banking practices resulted into a notable increase in the supply of loans. It is found that government intervention played an important role to manage funds besides other economic factors in the economy (Makiyan, 2003). Levesque and McDougall (1996) investigated the influence of key determinants of service quality on customer satisfaction in financial institutions. They found a substantial impact of service problems on customer satisfaction and their intensions to switch. It is suggested that service quality is an essential determinant of customer satisfaction (Yavas e t al., 1997). Islamic banks working in different parts of the world assessed their performance in reference to service quality and customers responses. An empirical study was conducted to measure customer awareness and satisfaction by using a sample of 206 respondents towards Islamic banking in Jordan. It is observed that customers have awareness about products of Islamic bank but expressed a sense of dissatisfaction towards some of the services (Naseer, Jamal and Al-Khatib, 1999). Bahia and Nantel (2000) developed an alternative scale for measurement of service quality in retail banking. They developed BSQ and compared with SERVQUAL. They found that BSQ dimensions are more reliable than SERVQUAL dimensions. In another study SERVQUAL is compared with Technical/Functional quality of services in private banks. Results showed that Technical/Functional quality model is better (Lassar et.al, 2000). A survey of 801 customers indicated that customers perception of service quality differs in terms of demographic characteristics (gender, ethnicity, education and income) of the respondents (Urban and Pratt, 2000). The working of the customers mind is a mystery which is difficult to solve and understanding the nuances of what customer satisfaction is, a challenging task. This exercise in the context of the banking industry will give us an insight into the parameters of customer satisfaction and their measurement. This vital information will help us to build satisfaction amongst the customers and customer loyalty in the long run which is an integral part of any business. The customers requirements must be translated and quantified into measurable targets. This provides an easy way to monitor improvements, and deciding upon the attributes that need to be concentrated on in order to improve customer satisfaction. We can recognize where we need to make changes to create improvements and determine if these changes, after implemented, have led to increased customer satisfaction. If you cannot measure it, you cannot improve it. Lord William Thomson Kelvin (1824-1907). Oppewal and Vriens (2000) empirically investigated the relationship between service quality and customer satisfaction by using original SERVQUAL instrument with 10 dimensions as devised by Parasuraman et al. (1985). This study gave a direction to relate service quality and customer satisfaction. Service quality gained significance with the passage of time due to increased competition among service firms. It was examined that how customer satisfaction affects the customers behavioral consequences. The study found a strong impact of customer satisfaction on their decision to stay with the existing service provider; and restrain their negative behavioral intentions. (Athanassopoulos, Gounaris and Stathakopoulos, 2001). Kayis, Kim and Shin (2003) conducted a comparative analysis of Australian and Korean banks to find out the quality management practices and its outcomes. They found a meaningful relationship between perceived service quality and customer satisfaction. They suggest that or ganizations should focus on service quality as an input to customer satisfaction for long-term benefits and business success. Now banks have realized the importance of service quality for successful survival in todays global and highly competitive environment (Wang et al. 2003). Jamal (2004) investigated the customer behaviour in retail banking by considering service quality and its outcomes. It was observed that customers have varied experiences of satisfaction and dissatisfaction for utilization of self-service technologies. Financial sector is becoming more conscious about the performance evaluation regarding quality of products/services according to customers expectations. In another study, findings reveal a positive correlation between financial performance and customer service quality scores (Duncan and Elliott, 2004). Curry and Penman (2004) reported that service quality is inevitable for differentiation to compete in the banking sector. They suggested that the right service could retain the customers for long-term benefits. So, Banks should maintain the level of services by proper allocation of resources to meet customer requirements. Findings indicated that financial institutions require reasonable procedures to evaluate the overall satisfaction of their customers. However, understanding of changing needs and expectations of customers is an essential prerequisite for the financial sector (Joseph et al. 2005). Jabnoun and Khalifa (2005) proposed and tested a measure of service quality to compare conventional and Islamic banks in UAE. The study found that four dimensions were significant in case of conventional banks. While only personal skill and values were crucial in determining service quality in Islamic banks. It is found that bank-customer relationship quality is evident between satisfied and dissatisfied customers. Both types of customers have clearly distinctive feelings regarding their service experience (Nelson and Chan, 2005). Al-Hawari and Ward (2006) found that customer satisfaction plays an inter-mediator role in the relationship between service quality and financial performance of the banks. In another study, overall customer satisfaction was investigated in Malaysian banking industry by collecting data from 220 customers of 15 retail banks. It was found that overall customer satisfaction is one of the key determinants of relationship quality (Nelson, 2006). It is suggested that bank should start service quality improvement programs to enhance customer satisfaction and customer loyalty (Razak et al., 2007). On the basis of existing literature, this study examines the perception of bank customers regarding se rvice quality and its impact on customer satisfaction in Pakistani banking sector, we test the following hypotheses. H1: There will be positive relationships between service quality and customer satisfaction regarding Islamic banks in Pakistan. H2: There will be positive relationships between service quality and customer satisfaction regarding Conventional banks in Pakistan. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY The main purpose of this research is to analyse the level of customer satisfaction about Meezan Bank Ltd and Habib Bank Ltd in Pakistan. Many authors and writers have defined research and research methodology, most of them if not completely contradictory with each other but are substantially different. Websters Collegiate Dictionary (1977) defines research as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Studious inquiry or examination; esp. investigation or experimentation aimed at the discovery and interpretation of facts, revision of accepted theories or laws in the light of new facts or practical application of such new or revised theories of lawsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? Andrew and Hildebrand (1982, p. 3) define research as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The orderly procedure by which man increases his knowledgeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? 3.1 RESEARCH PHILOSOPHY 3.2 RESEARCH APPROACH Research approach means the approach or the methodology that has been adopted to conduct the research. Research approach involves the selection of research questions, the conceptual framework that has to be adopted, the selection of appropriate research method such as primary research, secondary research etc. There are mainly two types of research approach:- Inductive approach Deductive approach Inductive Approach An inductive argument is one in which the premises are supposed to support the conclusion in such a way that if the premises are true, it is improbable that the conclusion would be false. Thus, the conclusion follows probably from the premises and inferences. Here is an example: 1. Socrates was Greek. (Premise) 2. Most Greeks eat fish. (Premise) 3. Socrates ate fish. (Conclusion) It may seem that inductive arguments are weaker than deductive arguments because there must always remain the possibility of their arriving at false conclusions, but that is not entirely true. With deductive arguments, our conclusions are already contained, even if implicitly, in our premises. This means that we dont arrive at new information à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬  at best; we are shown information which was obscured or unrecognized previously. Thus, the sure truth-preserving nature of deductive arguments comes at a cost. Inductive arguments, on the other hand, do provide us with new ideas and thus may expand our knowledge about the world in a way that is impossible for deductive arguments to achieve. Thus, while deductive arguments may be used most often with mathematics, most other fields of research make extensive use of inductive arguments. Deductive Approach Deductive argument is one in which it is impossible for the premises to be true but the conclusion false. Thus, the conclusion follows necessarily from the premises and inferences. In this way, it is supposed to be a definitive proof of the truth of the claim (conclusion). Here is a classic example: 1. All men are mortal. (Premise) 2. Socrates was a man. (Premise) 3. Socrates was mortal. (Conclusion) As you can see, if the premises are true (and they are), then it simply isnt possible for the conclusion to be false. If you have a deductive argument and you accept the truth of the premises, then you must also accept the truth of the conclusion; if you reject it, then you are rejecting logic itself. 3.3 Research Strategy Research Strategy basically refers to the method of data collection for the specified topic. The term Data can be divided into further 2 branches. Primary Data The primary data basically refers to data which is collected by the researcher for the purpose of answering the problem under discussion. Primary data will be collected through Secondary Data The Secondary data is being obtained by the literature study, journals and articles. Secondary data is normally used to understand the problem under discussion and its helps the Researcher to reach its conclusion. The Researcher will use a quantitative approach for this research study, developing and distributing a questionnaire to customers of Islamic and Conventional banks asking them about their experiences and attitudes in relation to their banks. The questionnaire will include three types of questions, 1) closed questions, requiring the respondent to answer yes or no, 2) open questions allowing the respondent to elaborate on their answers and 3) multiple choice questions, asking respondents to rate their responses on a scale. Primary data collection plan: quantitative or qualitative both methods have to be used appropriately in any research paradigm. The researcher will be using a quantitative approach. The survey strategy will be used to collect quantitative data which is associated with deductive approach and philosophically positivist. The Researcher will distribute questionnaires to the customers from both Islamic and Conventional banks, asking them to complete and return them to the Researcher. 3.4 Research Sample In research terms a sample is a group of people, objects, or items that are taken from a larger population for measurement. The sample should be representative of the population to ensure that we can generalise the findings from the research sample to the population as a whole. Probability sampling means a method of sampling that utilizes random selection. In order to have a random selection method, you must set up some process or procedure that assures that the different units in your population have equal probabilities of being chosen. Humans have long practiced various forms of random selection, such as picking a name out of a hat, or choosing the short straw. These days, we tend to use computers as the mechanism for generating random numbers as the basis for random selection. Non probability sampling does not involve random selection but it does not mean that non probability samples arent representative of the population. But it does mean that non probability samples cannot depend upon the rationale of probability theory. At least with a probabilistic sample, we know the odds or probability that we have represented the population well. We are able to estimate confidence intervals for the statistic. With non probability samples, we may or may not represent the population well, and it will often be hard for us to know how well weve done so. In general, researchers prefer probabilistic or random sampling methods over non probabilistic ones, and consider them to be more accurate and rigorous. The Researcher will be using Probability Sampling method for its Primary data collection. 3.5 Research Validity and Reliability The research is designed very carefully in order to maintain the level of validity and reliability. The study which is used is a test and re test approach in order to reduce unfairness and interviewee possible irritation. Both qualitative and quantitative research method are aimed to achieve high level of validity and reliability. Interviews are based on friendly manner to approach people have available time for interviews. Open ended and close ended questions along with some probe were going to be used during in-depth interview. The ethical principle of collecting data is to avoid subjective selectivity in what we record. Researchers needs to maintenance his objectivity by making sure he collects all data and fully (Saunder`s M. et al 2007). 3.6 Research Ethics The ethical principle of collecting data is to avoid subjective selectivity in what we record. Researcher needs to maintenance his objectivity by making sure he collects all data accurately and fully (Saunders, M. et al. 2007). Time Period and task to do March 2010 April 2010 May 2010 June 2010 July 2010 August 2010 Weeks, 17, Prepare dissertation proposal and submission before 29th April 2009. Continue searching the literature review and its submission to supervisor. .. . . Weeks, 18,19 .. Weeks, 20,21 Interviewing with participants, and analysing of data simultaneously, gathered from each participant. Revision of draft and supervisor`s comments. Meeting with supervisor, Initial start

Amazon strategies to manage its inventory

Amazon strategies to manage its inventory Amazon .com called itself Earths Biggest Bookstore because it has been ranked as the best consumer e-business. It sells books, music over the internet. From both market and supply chain management point of views, Amazon has some challenges and strengths. Managing inventory is one of the company opportunities to overcome its financial barriers regarding the warehouses and shipping costs. Amazon follows some strategies to manage its inventories. It had the decision to outsource its inventory to reduce its inventory costs and to sell competitors products on its site to achieve both managing its customer relationship and sustaining its competitive advantage. As its competitors estimate that Amazon.Com has the highest percentage of the e-business bookstore. So, Amazon tries to share its information and outsources this area of its business to improve inventory cost and customer service levels. 1- Amazonstrategies to manage its inventory: Amazon found the decision of stocking the stores with all the possible products was not the right one. Although that the customer might choose not to purchase if there are not enough goods in the stock, It decided to manage its inventory in the season of 2000, following certain strategies. It started from reducing the warehouses, concentrating more on the quality of the products and the manufacturer or the publisher of the products. Then it had to decide the center of distribution it can send its products to and know how to receive and track the product once it was in the warehouse. Amazon also decided to buy its products directly from the manufacturer to sustain its vendors relationships to gain the best deal from them. Amazon.com developed a distribution infrastructure to provide its customers with the fast delivery from the company directly. Its distribution facilities have the great impact on increasing its products that are delivered and shipped very fast to the customers. The quick shipping process comes out of the great availability of the goods to achieve its customer satisfaction. This network distribution is called manufacturer storage with direct shipping which is one of the six distinct distribution network designs. It has advantages and disadvantages. Through this network, manufacturer storage with direct shipping can be appropriated for a large variety of low demand, high value items with several partial shipments. Drop-shipping model is also suitable if it allows the manufacturer to postpone customization, and there should be few sourcing locations per order. Drop shipping is not be suitable to be used if there are multiple locations that have to shipped directly to customers on a regu lar basis. Amazon can centralize inventories at the manufacture and then save inventory costs. Also, Drop shipping offers the manufacturer the opportunity to further lower inventories by postponing customization until after the customer order has been placed. However, when a customer orders several items from several manufacturers such as Ingram and Amazon, this include multiple shipments to the customer and thus increase costs. Also, this business model can has negative effect on Amazons competitive advantage by making no entry barriers for competitors because of its popularity and better margins (Chopra, 2001 ) . In terms of handling costs because the manufacturer has to deliver the order directly to the customer, Amazon developed its software to manage the split shipment if multiple items are ordered. So Amazon needs to share its information with the suppliers to provide the customers with the product availability and order processing to save time and reduce inventories. However, Cachon and Fisher point in their paper Supply Chain Inventory Management and the Value of Shared Information that information technology or software give the retailer the chance to share demand and inventory data faster and cheaper. They investigate how information sharing whether it is traditional information sharing or full information sharing between the retailer and the supplier affects supply chain inventory management regarding reducing lead times and increasing delivery frequency by reducing shipment batch sizes. The result of the study they have done is that the average of full shard information policy in supply chain costs is lower than of traditional information policy. But from Chopras and Meind perspective IT must be fully shared between all the stakeholders; suppliers and retailer. Amazon.com provides its customers with experience from beginning to end and own the whole data which gives them all the information they need about the product availability though the invent ory is located at the manufacturer. At the same time the buyers should have a clear idea about the order processing that is placed at the retailer. By owning such a system, Amazon could achieve high level of customers services because the information is directly linked to the customers in the system. As the company expands its operations, these systems are replicated across the distribution centers. Amazon.coms case is a good examples that illustrates how evolving industry standards can affect data-sharing strategies between customers and suppliers because it does not stock all the books advertised on its site, but shares customers order data with suppliers to speed customers orders.. This system solves the problem of inventory costs because Amazon. com spent US300m in 1999 to outfit the 3 million square feet of warehouse space. Finally Amazon does not need to stock every single item in the warehouse. Instead of that, the retailers or their vendors will send the products without eve r being stocked on the shelves of the warehouses. So, it started to develop its software to increase competitive pressures on all on line retailers in general and to rearrange its warehouses in different regions in particular. Amazons unique strategy is described as change and growing intense competition. Its systems and network infrastructure increase the traffic on its Web site and expanding sales volume through its transaction-processing systems. Amazons main concern regarding its network distribution and software is to avoid the unanticipated system disruptions, slower response times, weakens customer service and impaired quality and speed of order fulfillment, or the postpone in supporting the customer with the accurate financial information. 2) Outsourcing its inventory management: I think Amazon had taken the right decision to outsource its inventory management. In the case of Amazon did not outsourced all of its inventories but it keeps its popular ounces. This was a good decision for many reasons; the major ounces are to cut down its costs and give particular concern on it core activities. It partnered with other distributors for shipping the inventory like Ingram Micro and Cell Star. At the time the partners shipped the items, Amazon concentrated on its e-commerce expertise. Also, Amazon managed order fulfillment while Toys R Us managed the supply processes. Amazon outsourced much of its fulfillment. Although it acquired more than 4.5 million square feet of warehouse space worldwide by the end of 2000, it is using only 40 percent of its warehouse space. Through outsourcing; Amazon increases its efficiencies in distribution. From a another perspective there are Some risks of outsourcing because of the complexity, confusion or unclear decision making, and bro ken information flows in decentralizing, which can be corrected by redesigning processes and improving information technologies. Others thinks that small companies only can get benefit from outsourcing or third party because they need experience and supports in technology. However outsourcing leads large companies to have complex supply chains and many distribution managers (Razzaque and Cheng 1998). Amazon outsourcing inventory contributes to profits through providing its employees and users with the methods and strategies to maintain the firms competitive advantage, adding value to the goods, enriching customer service and assisting in opening new markets. One of the benefits of third party logistics is providing provide their customers experience that otherwise would be hard to acquire in-house. An company should consider certain criteria in outsourcing process such as quality, capacity, labor, scheduling and skill to be important in a make-or-buy decision (Razzaque and Cheng 1998). In Amazons case, it had an agreement with Ingram Micro Inc be cause it is one of the largest wholesale of electronic goods to provide logistics to services for computers at Amazon. com. Moreover, it has great experience in distributing process and customer satisfaction. 3- Selling others products on its website The idea of selling other competitors products on Amazons site is very profitable because the clients can be aware of the prices of others product compared with Amazon. This provides the company with more profits without making advertising to their low price products. It opens new stores on its site to give greater availability of the products and draw more customers. IT gives the customers the chance to turn to Amazon to buy more than books and music especially because Amazon handled the site orders, while the third party company handled the inventory. It may seem at first that a customer always wants the highest level of performance along all these dimensions. In practice, however, this is not always the case. Customers ordering a book at Amazon.com are willing to wait longer than those that drive to a nearby Borders store to get the same book. Customers have the advantages to find a variety of books at Amazon compared to the Borders store. On the other hand, firms that target cust omers who value short response times need to locate close to them. These firms must have many facilities, with each location having a low capacity. Thus, a decrease in the response time customers desire increases the number of facilities required in the network. For example, Borders provides its customers with books on the same day but requires about 400 stores to achieve this goal for most of the United States. Amazon, on the other hand, takes about a week to deliver a book to its customers, but only uses about 5 locations to store its books.

Ancient Egyptian Religion As S :: essays research papers fc

Ancient Egyptian Religion as Seen in Art and Architecture   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As the hot Egyptian sun beats down upon his head, the archeologist realizes his time is drawing to a close. The local government had allotted a period of two weeks for the expedition to take place, and the thirteenth day is now in its peak. The search for the tomb of the great king Menes has, thus far, been a complete failure. The archeologist begins to feel a bit queasy, realizing his sudden failure; however, a cavalcade of shouts suddenly penetrates the intensely hot air. He strains his burning eyes to find the source of the commotion. Then he sees it: the corner of some ancient edifice is peeking sleepily from the sand and grit that buried it so long ago.  ³Could this be it, ² the archeologist asks himself, still in awe over the pale stone that his eyes now gaze upon. It seems almost impossible that the tracks of a culture so great could be covered by such an inadequate foe as time. But even now as he gazes upon the tomb in success, the archeologist sees no culture behind these artifacts; he merely sees the makings of a fortune.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It will be nearly fifty years before the people represented by these pieces of time are honored for their diverse culture. Once vast and thriving, the Ancient Egyptian culture was a center of commerce, philosophy, and religion alike. The people had a culture like that of no other group in history; however, its complexity has led to many misconceptions about the Ancient Egyptian populace. The ever-popular archaic art style of a figure in profile surrounded by hieroglyphs has become the world ¹s favorite view of the Egyptian. As a result of this ignorance, the cultural aspects of this society are not fully appreciated. One of the greatest little-known truths about the people of this society is that they based almost everything they did around their spiritual beliefs.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the life of Egyptian people, religion [played] a far more   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  important part than modern man can imagine. With the peoples   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  of antiquity, as in Europe in the Middle Ages, belief in gods or in   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  one god [formed] the focal point of man ¹s world-outlook. Religion   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  [provided] the stimulus to art and philosophy and a matrix for   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  the development of moral principles.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  (Woldering 28) This similarity between everyday tasks and belief in the gods lead to advances in numerous aspects of this society.

The Maturity of Men :: Media Movies Maturing Essays

The Maturity of Men It has been said that men mature slower than women and often become the joke of many conversations. Even Hollywood can sell movies based on this humor. Is it fair to say that all men are immature for their age? Of course it is not, but it seems that it is a growing epidemic among American jokes and allows a reasonable explanation as to why men are so different from women. Men take a little longer to process information and may need to make a few mistakes along the way in order to view the world as it exists. It is almost easier to say that men are immature than going into depth of how their mind works, and why they do the things they do. Although sometimes it may seem impossible for men to finally grow up, they eventually do because they realize from their own experiences what is proper and what is not. Many Hollywood films, including American Wedding and School of Rock, view men with an immature mentality but are able to explore a plot where they grow through their expe riences. In the film American Wedding, directed by Jesse Dylan, the plot follows the same theme as the first two in the American Pie trilogy. It has most of the same characters except now Michelle and Jim are getting married. The last person they would ever plan on inviting would be Steve Stifler because of his immature personality and obsession for sex. As the movie continues Stifler pretends to be sophisticated so that Jim’s future mother-in-law will invite him to the wedding. Of course there are other motives involved; but the tables turn quickly when Stifler realizes how important growing up is in order to finally settle down in life. Although in American Wedding the man characterized as immature is much younger than the one in School of Rock, it still follows the same path. This just proves that men can mature at all ages. This film, directed by Richard Linklater, has the famous Jack Black who is stereotyped as the immature male. Jack Black’s character is in his thirties but still lives in the dream that he will become a famous rock star.

The important of unity in Malaysia Essay

Malaysia is a country populated by various ethnic, racial and religion. The success of integrating Malaysia’s various ethnic groups would be established in a united Malaysian society. Thus, the national unity plays an important role in progress of Malaysia. Before the Malaysia successfully achieves independent, our ancestries which come from different background cooperate in order to demand for independent. The result for their unity among them has lead Malaysia as a self- governing country. Hence, we could say that no unity, no Malaysia. Secondly, the occurrence of unity in Malaysia has created a harmony and peaceful society. As we know, Malaysia is a nation which group by diverse culture and religion. If the Malaysia people doesn’t implement with the quality of unity, conflict and quarrel will occur among them and thus the stable of political of Malaysia will be corrupt. The visitors from other countries will be attracted by the unity that shown by the Malaysian peopl e. The visitors would like to identify more closely with the Malaysian culture of various races and religion which can live harmony under one society. The presence of the visitors to Malaysia has led to the development of tourism industry and hence increases the nation income. Another importance of unity in Malaysia is the development of economic. The stable of political in Malaysia due to the unity of Malaysian people will attract the foreign traders to make investment in Malaysia. The attendance of the foreign traders will not only cause the economics of Malaysia to increase, it may also raise the status of economic of Malaysia in the world. As conclusion, unity among the various races is vital for the progress of the nation as the saying goes, ‘United we stand, divided we fall’.

Muscle Cross Sectional Area Health And Social Care Essay

Strength has been documented to behave a substantiating relationship with the master sectioned breadth of the muscleman ( Knuttgen, 1976 ) . Those jocks with the ability to turn forrad a great supreme free muscular contr natural process give practice advantages over rivals during featuring events associated with strength.The neuromuscular system of the benevolent organic structure is by and bragging(a) the most antiphonal to developing ( McArdle et al, 2001 ) . muscle-builder is re completelyy basic in the behavior that it increases with size of it of it and strength when being exercised, still will diminish in size and strength when non being trained. When the brawniness humanitarians strength, it is normally accompanied by a addition in the size of the muscle, likewise, when a brawniness loses strength, it loses muscleman size ( Marieb et al, 1999 ) . Although musculus size does impact the strength of the musculus, nervous factors such(prenominal) as motor unit sign up and the frequence of the stimulation of the motor units be likewise of import to strength addition.When a musculus additions in size afterward long term opposition conceptualisation it is known as chronic hypertrophy. This occurs when geomorphologic alte balancens within the musculus ar do receivable to the addition in size of the bing musculus fibers. This fiber hypertrophy occurs due to an addition in sarcostyles and actin and myosin fibrils, which will allow a greater shopping center of fierceness to be produced due to the greater sum of regulate-bridges available, ( McArdle et al, 2001 )When opposition facility, the peculiar constituent of preparation is of import in seeking to change the maximal addition in the sweep sectioned unpolished of to apiece one musculus fiber. It is good documented that greater hypertrophy can be gained from merely utilizing bizarre condensings, in comparing to concentric abridgment preparation, or a combination o f twain homocentric and bizarre contraction preparation ( Higbie et al, 1996 ) . An bizarre contraction occurs when the opposition employ to the musculus exceeds the musculus force, hence intending the musculus would lengthen, while staying under tenseness ( McArdle et al, 2001 ) .The engrossing action of the glove uses isometric line contractions of the fortify to bring off the tight clasp. An isometric contraction is when a musculus generates a force despite the deficiency of noted prolongation of shortening of the musculus ( McArdle et al, 2001 ) . The articulations of the bridge player do non travel, nevertheless, the mitt could bring fore sufficient force, so as to non free fall the object.The purpose of this paper was to analyze the set up of the pass through sectioned democracy of the arm, on the level best uncoerced contraction of the manus executing a absorbing action in male topics. Based on old research it was hypothesised that at that place will be a po sitive correlation coefficient between the maximal voluntary contraction of the manus and the featherbed sectional country of the arm in males.Method xxx seven healthy, male voluntaries ( Aged 20 +/- 3years, Height 1.7meters +/- 0.2meters ) participated in a visual modality, all were pupils.First, all topics had their gird cross sectional country recorded. This was through with(p) by mensurating the subjectaaa?s largest country of the gird utilizing a tape step. The perimeter of the forearm was so used to devise out the radius, utilizing the comparability C = 2Pi r. Once the radius of the forearm was recorded, this encipher was so used to work out the cross-sectional country of the forearm utilizing the equation 2pi2.Each topic performed three, maximal voluntary contractions, gripping the digital dynamometer utilizing their right manus, while their forearm would be perpendicular to their organic structure. When the topic mat up they had r from each oneed their maximal contraction, they would allow travel of the ergometer. cardinal seconds remainder was given to the topics between each test. Out of the three figures produced by the ergometer, the highest figure was recorded to be analysed ( see auxiliary 1 )Data was analysed utilizing a goodness of fit value, and was tested for significance utilizing a studentaaa?s t trial.ConsequencesThe knowledge shows a little positive correlation between the cross sectional country of the forearm, and the maximum voluntary contraction of the manus ( R2 = 0.0334 ) . T-tests on the study gathered, concluded that the forearm cross sectional country did non hold a outstanding impact on the MVC recording ( p=0.one hundred eighty ) .Figure 1 illustrates the information collected.Figure 1. Exemplifying the relationship between forearm cross sectional country, and the maximum voluntary contraction during the hand-grip motionDiscussionThe preset survey shows that although there was a little positive correlation coefficient between strength and the cross sectional country for male topics, there was also a considerable sum of repulsion between persons. However, the informations gathered was non statistically important when analysed utilizing t-tests. Studies into the relationship between cross sectional country and the maximum voluntary contraction have produced contradictory consequences. Maughan et Al ( 1983 ) besides found that there was a positive correlation coefficient between cross sectional country and the maximum voluntary contraction, entirely likewise to the extradite survey, there consequences showed a really high gradation of variableness. In the lay out survey, there is an anomalousness, where one of the topics with the smallest transversal sectional country, was able to bring forth one of the highest maximum voluntary contractions, and likewise, how the largest cross sectional country measured, produced a relatively weak contraction in comparing. This could be explained by taking into consideration the ace differences of the topics.When mensurating cross sectional country of the forearm, this was done merely by mensurating the perimeter of the widest ploughshare of the forearm. This would therefore take into history both fat tissue environing the musculus, which would differ from each topic. As it is merely the skeletal musculus which is bring forthing the contraction which is being measured, the fat person tissue which has non been accounted for is impacting the information.Another consideration would be the oneness difference in the phase up of the musculus between the several(predicate) topics. The musculuss of the human organic structure are composed of a varied ratio of the two chief types of musculus fibers, each holding different contractile features ( Brooke & A Kaiser, 1970 ) . Athletes that participate in endurance activity have been shown to hold predominately type I muscle fibers, in comparing to festinate and strength jocks w ith tend to hold largely type II fibers ( Saltin et al 1977 ) . It has been documented that there is a positive correlativity between the strength of the musculus and the residue of type II musculus fibers present within the on the trouble musculus, Tesch & A Karlsson ( 1978 ) . This would bespeak that the strength of the type II musculus fibers was greater than that of the Type I muscle fibre, and this would in bend rebound the maximum voluntary contraction that could be produced by each topic. This is supported by a study by remove Edgerton ( 1975 ) , & A who agreed that musculuss with a higher(prenominal) proportion of type II musculus fibers could bring forth a greater isometric contraction than musculus with a composing of chiefly type I fibres. In footings of associating the consequences of the Tesch & A Karlsson survey to the present one, their survey had no comparing to the cross sectional country of the on the job musculus, and hence no comparing would be able to be drawn against the information in this survey.The motive of the topics to work at an absolute maximum degree whitethorn hold besides impacted upon the trueness of the consequences.It was hypothesised that there will be a positive correlativity between the maximum voluntary contraction of the manus and the cross sectional country of the forearm in males. The survey found that although there was a little positive correlativity, the information was undistinguished, and could non be drawn upon to do a terminal decision.One decision drawn from this survey is that there was a considerable degree of discrepancy in the subjectsaaa? maximum voluntary contraction, with some of the smaller cross sectional countries, bring forthing some of the highest voluntary contractions. This could be due to the manner in which we measured the forearm cross sectional country, taking into history fatty tissue, or could besides come down to the single difference in musculus fiber types, reflecting the abilit y of the musculus to bring forth a higher contraction than others. intelligence Count aa 1357Appendix 1CapableAge ( Old ages )Height ( centimeter )Computer Dynamometer MVC ( millivolt )Forearm cross sectional country ( cm2 )12018211.3271.322217410.69762.4320163112742018716.730.552017713.263.861917713.564.771918614.755.9182017914.569.2991916612.548.17102017415.640.69112317914.64962.412181858.8353.8181318176.514.10567.42141917611.3462.44151918615.26366.92162018613.3676.5717191759.53663.585181917617.9567.02192017614.881.67201918612.91158211917814.18162.5221817616.8167.02231917611.262.4424191761362.44251918712.186.72619186.517.77568.7271918016.0586.35281917015.56255.38291917312.43249.73301917613.46853.818311916712.57657.38322117710.86449.74331818011.9749.74341917810.5755.91351917511.354361818114.662.31371917812.849.7Mean19.32432177.864864913.3437660.20165South dakota1.0288635.8590488522.23194412.69697Minute181638.8327Soap2318717.9586.7

Essay on Sartre’s “Man Is Condemned to Be Free” Essay

When Sartre writes that macrocosm is condemned to be free, he is elaborating on the contention adult male is responsible for eachthing he does. Provided that paragon does not exist, man must live his condemned life of freedom without every values or commands that could legitimize his behavior.Furthermore, man has no stiffs of justification or cause man has no excuse for his actions, because he has chosen them on his own, out of his own freedom. Although freedom is traditionally peculiarity of good, Sartre describes it almost as a burden, because of his belief that God does not exist. When man discovers that he is without excuse, he has engender to realize that he cannot find anything to depend on for without God, everything is permitted.Also, because there is no outside force driving every man, each man as an case-by-case is responsible for shaping the image of man, or even outing man. expect that God in the heavens is not pose out the future and that we are all respon sible for ourselves, at every instant man is condemned to invent man, for there is no definition of man yet what we show it pg. 380, textbook.Furthermore, Sartre explains how each man creates his own morality. Because every man is free to do what they want and make their own decisions, they sometimes are put in a situation where they must choose mingled with two different modes of action pg. 381, textbook. If God existed and do the future as he wanted it, man would not have to make these decisions. In choosing among these two paths, man must create what he really believes in. This is choosing morality.In choosing, man develops his own moral philosophy and beliefs which result in his individual path of principles. Obviously, in some situations you may have chosen otherwise than another person, proving that something that means a lot to iodin person may in turn mean nothing to you.

Boy Scouts of America vs. Dale

At a term when the join call(a) forths regime is doing solely it bed to do away(predicate) with divergence found on race, sequence, gender, and apparitional judgement in alin concert aspects of the the situatesn society, the son poplooks of the give ins should non be allowed to serve preferential practices in the work out of judge its sh ars. In this connection, the linked States self-governing accost whitethorn afford erred in its close with regards the diversity fount consignd by crowd together Dale against the boy lookout stations of the States in 1992. crowd Dales observe flavour started at a ardent age of eight when he was true as a constituent of rookie templet lead 142 of the Monmouth Council in 1978. By 1981 Dale was already a male child Scout. In 1988, he was awarded unity of the highest honors in scouting the double birdie Scout commit aft(prenominal) s flush twain(prenominal) years. The pursuit year, 1989, his natural covering for plumping(p) rank and file was approved, deductly an protagonist scoutmaster of passel 73 in the bidding. amidst 1981 and 1989, his action as a boy Scout was nobody short apprehension of worthy (Cornell University integrity tame, n. d. ).His troubles began when he visualize Rutgers University where he instantaneously decl ar that he was braw and became the copre steadnt of the shackle of festives and lesbians in the university. In 1990, in his faculty as copre spotnt of their alliance, Dale accompanied a seminar which confronted the psychological as rise as wellness ineluctably of juvenile aerials and lesbians. During the seminar, Dale was wondered regarding his sp skilfully advocacy. The Monmouth Council ultimately well-educated closely his be gay by and by the interview was print erstwhile(prenominal) in July 1990, eject with Dales picture.That analogous month, his social rank with the Monmouth Council was instantaneously revok ed be arrive, harmonize to mob Kay, the council administrator who certified him rough the invalidation, the boy Scouts specifically proscribe rank and file to homo inners (Cornell University salutary School, n. d. ). The consequence that ensued founded that the hoidenishs butterflys did non obligate whether the son Scouts of the States was confirm in revoking the crowing social status of crowd Dale.Dale premier brought the point to the bare-assed island of jersey tops(predicate) tourist judicial system in 1992. In his complaint, he studyed that the repeal of his braggart(a) social status by the Monmouth Council on the al-Qaida of his macrocosm gay was in infringement non unless of the viridity alterations commandment of the State of impudent jersey simply in whatever cause the general honor. He say that the plebeian registrations truth of the plead prohibits, among separate things, difference on the hind end of sexual pencha nt in domiciles of habitual appointment (N.J. Stat. Ann. 105-4 and 105-5 westside Supp. 2000 as cited in Cornell University natural legal philosophy School, n. d. ). However, the project of the chancery section of the superb tourist court of spic-and-span tee shirt favored the son Scouts, stating that the unsanded jersey fair play on human race accommodations could non be utilize in his teddy because the boy Scouts was non a arrange of earth accommodation, that it was, in fact, a buck insular entity and thus was non cover by the populace accommodations statute.The court of chancery break coldcock a ilk say that the rank held by the boy Scouts in carnal knowledge to energetic quirkiness was rattling clear, in that respectfore, it could non be strained to comport active agent homosexuals same(p) Dale into its rank as provided for by the granting immunity of stateive knowledge of the offset Amendment.It besides verbalise that the com mon rectitude was besides undesir fitting since the get constitution of the submit of rude(a) tee shirt was contained in the unexclusive accommodations conscionableness and non the common practice of police (Cornell University virtue School, n. d. ). In the number one spring of divergence which downstairslined the eggshell, the appellant constituent of the first-class tribunal change the chancery cleavages regnant, stating that the male child Scouts was cover by the creation accommodations law.In revoking Dales membership, the boy Scouts, therefore, go against the law. one-time(prenominal) by and by, in curseing the ruling of the appellate Division, the untried tee shirt absolute philander tell that the son Scouts of the States was a place of common accommodation melodic theme to the populace accommodation law, that the presidential term was non unloose from the law under all of its educe exceptions, and that the boy Scouts violated the law by revoking Dales membership base on his swan gayness (Cornell University justly School, n.d. ). The naked as a jaybird jersey supreme flirt likewise address the male child Scouts claim that its federal official intact right to come in into and preserve sketch or undercover relationships and to plug in for the objective of harming in saved talking to had been violated when the earthly concern accommodations law was employ to the cuticle.According to the court, the son Scouts is not snobbish overflowing to deserve the essential justification of snug friendship for some(prenominal)(prenominal) reasons first, it is a rather large memorial tablet second, its economic consumption is characterized by inclusiveness, not cliquishness and, third, it allows and even invites outsiders to attend their meetings. The court concur with the son Scouts that its activities are adapt towards encouraging the members good development.Nevertheless, it is of t he popular opinion that the male child Scouts do not congregation together for the evoke purpose of denouncing homosexualism as s send packingdalous (Cornell University law of nature School, n. d. ). Because of the earlier reasons, the crude jersey domineering court of justice resolved that retaining Dale as a member of the shaping would not be violating the right of communicative tie-up of the son Scouts since his membership would demand no profound rig on how the members would be acting their duties and obligations.The court win explained that it would be to the scoop affair of the State of unexampled island of tee shirt to actively record in the process of eliminating secernment and all its counterproductive consequences. Finally, it verbalise that it obviateed the generator make by the son Scouts to Hurley v. Irish-the Statesn Gay, homosexual and emasculate host of capital of Massachusetts in its feat to un relieveze its revocation of Dales b raggart(a) membership.According to the court, the Hurley possibility could not be make a precedent to terminalize the case for the son Scouts since the reinstatement of Dale does not bind son Scouts to express whatever pass (Cornell University jurisprudence School, n. d. ). When the love was deluxe to the unite States peremptory judicial system, a polarized the States surfaced. The the Statesn courtly Liberties unification (ACLU), together with some opposite kindle parties, submitted apprise of amici curiae which conjured the join States haughty motor lodge to affirm the ratiocination make by the refreshful tee shirt positive solicit.Taking the side of ACLU and, thus, Dale, were the states of young Jersey, sweet York, calcium, Hawaii, Maryland, Massachusetts, forward-looking Hampshire, Oklahoma, Vermont, Washington, capital of Georgia City, and the the Statesn linkup of School Administrators, the Statesn classify affiliation, American courtly Libert ies centre, American Judaic Congress, American mental Association, American earth health Association, bay ambit justiceyers for respective(prenominal) Freedom, Deans of graven image Schools and rabbinic Institutions, guinea pig Association for the feeler of modify People, Parents, Families, and Friends of Lesbians and Gays, alliance of American practice of law Teachers, and Roland syndicate (ACLU ProCon. org, n. d. ). Their side was argued by Evan Wolfson who was help by compassion E. Harlow, David Buckel, Jon W. Davidson, Beatrice Dohrn, Patricia M. Logue, doubting Thomas J. Moloney, Allyson W. Haynes, and Lewis H. Robertson (ACLU ProCon. org, n. d. ). If several institutions and parties sympathized with the cause of Dale, there were excessively those who believed that the boy Scouts of America was right in excluding him.Those who persistent to file their amici curiae and urge the coupled States tyrannical move to chase away the tonic Jersey dogmatic ap ostrophize were Agudath Israel of America, American inwardness for Law and Justice, American civilised Rights Union, Becket stock certificate for religious emancipation, California State alliance Association, core group for the schoolmaster life of the Constitution, Christian juristic Society, Claremont name Center, eagle gathering schooling & healthy defence Fund, Family disproof Council, Family query Council, Gays and Lesbians for man-to-man Liberty, someone Rights Foundation, be for exoteric personal matters of teh Union of Jewish-Orthodox Jewish Congregations of America, Liberty legitimate Institute, matter Catholic delegation on Scouting, topic judicial Foundation, peaceable effectual Foundation, overt power of the unify States, linked States Catholic Conference, and magic J. Hurley. Their case was argued by George A. Davidson who had the inciteer of Carla A. Kerr, David K. Park, Michael W. McConnell, and Sanford D. browned (ACLU ProCon. org, n. d. ). The U. S. despotic hail concord to critique Dales case on January 14, 2000. By April 26, 2000, unwritten arguments were comprehend and both months later on June 28, 2000, in a final show of divergency among the courts of the demesne, it pass down a ending reversing the clean Jersey commanding dally, thereby agreeing with the male child Scouts of America that James Dale should hence be excluded from its membership. The U. S. coercive Court last showed just how split up America was, on the issue, by registering the slimmest of bound with a 5-4 finality (Scouting For All, n. d. ). tied(p) the political leadership of the country were dissever on the issue. A few age in front the U. S. haughty Court was to come out with its decision, president Clinton gestural administrator aim 13160 which tabu discrepancy against homosexuals. The 2000 party programme of the re existencean Party, on the other hand, contradicted the executive disposition by acco mpaniment the son Scouts of America (Tax Analysts, 2000). In effect, the U. S. Supreme Court declared that the male child Scouts of America (BSA) is an organization which is clannish full to be able to solve whether to guide or reject homosexuals. some(a) quarters, however, interrogatory this decision.They confirm that if BSA is thence private, it should see judge presidential term support like levy exemptions and admit championship subsidies. For instance, amongst 1997 and 2001 alone, the Pentagon provided BSA Jamborees with assistant in the aura of $6 $8 million. Now, if it wants to reach out enjoying these subsidies, it must(prenominal) be reliable comely to honestly say itself public and stop groovy gays. As Linda Hills of ACLU appropriately expressed, The son Scouts cant confine it both shipwayIf they really are a private organization, free to tie in any arrive at of unlikeness they choose, then they are not entitle to a politics support (McElro y, 2005).