Race And Racism In Heart Of Darkness English Literature Essay

Race And Racism In Heart Of Darkness English Literature EssayOne of the fundamental issues that arise from Joseph Conrads Heart of Darkness (1899) is the colonialist preconception used to misrepresent the Afri send packing race. Whilst Conrad was not himself accountable for the xenophobic westernised image of Africa, his story maintains the damaging stereotyping of native people. By painting them as bestialised, barbaric, primitive and uncivilised, he explores the dreary race through the lens of a hegemonic European representation Conrads uses of myth and metaphor supported the colonial conquest of African people on the colonisers assumption that these people were raci bothy inferior. Nevertheless, Conrad was writing at a time when the historical representation of Africans had always been a discourse of racism. Also, perhaps Conrad failed to appropriately record Africans because he recognized little of their culture, having primarily spent time with white men during his 6 months at the African Congo. Moreover, by undermining imperial superiority and full-grown satanic references to the colonisers, one may contend he is similarly insulting towards the Europeans, and that his exaggerated racism seeks to ridicule Europes civilising mission, and expose the ingrained racist ideals of Victorian imperialists.Marlow, the central protagonist and narrator of Heart of Darkness, expresses old racist prejudices against the Africans They howled and leaped, and spun, and made horrid faces, but what thrilled you was the thought of their hu slice beingsity like yoursUgly. Not only does he deny the Africans a distinction of a name, he also rids them of normal human behaviour. Marlow belittles them with derogatory language, stressing that they mimic animalistic behaviour and puddle no methods of deliverance outside of violent babble and bare-ass grunts. According to Chinua Achebe, these representations call the very humanity of black people into question. On the matter of communication, it is noteworthy that a low-spirited amount of English syllables are placed into the mouths of one or two Congolese Africans. It is in submitting to the hegemonic language of the coloniser that Conrad replaces native culture with his own, which he considers superior. It is this dead reckoning of an advanced humanity which leads Achebe to brand Conrad a through-going racist.Nonetheless, it can be argued that Marlow is a product of a fairly racist era in history a period in which racist discourses remained structured by Empire to legitimize its political ideology of suppression over the Africans. Like his contemporaries, Conrad is writing at a time where it was acceptable to view Africans as the other, and by overusing the words savage and nigger, he conforms to the racist sentiments of the day. Consequently, his story which was published in the Blackwood magazine, targets the conservative political science of the late nineteenth century. Furthermore, Conrad ment ions in his authors note that his over exaggeration of the savage image had the purpose of bringing it home to the minds and bosoms of the reader. This admittance of a distorted quality account of the natives may explain his savage depiction of them. He also uses these images to make the setting realistic, accentuating the novels grave themes of darkness, and fear of the unknown.Being a victim of his time, Conrads portrayals of the African race also conform to the evolutionary trope of Charles Darwins theory of evolution. By painting Africans as the prehistoric man, and portraying Marlows voyage upriver as locomotion back to the earliest beginnings of the world, Conrad integrates the temporal evolutionary trope in Heart of Darkness he suggests that Europeans are at a more superior position, since the Africans have not yet emerged from prehistory. His repeated animalistic images of the natives place Africans at the low end of the scale one of the creatures rose to his hands and knee s and went off on all fours towards the river to drink. Linking in with Darwinism science, Conrad reduces the Africans into a subspecies between apes and Caucasians. The African here is represented as a modern ancestor, an animal, a barely human body without intelligence. Consequently, he views the Africans as prehistoric evils in frightening need of European influence and evolution an outlook which reaffirms him as the personification of colonialism. Darwins views which had become entrenched in monastic order are used here by Marlow to provide the principal ideological support for imperialism.Suggests that Europeans are at a more superior position, as strange to the Africans since the latter has not yet emerged from prehistoryThough truthful, Marlow is a prejudiced man he is the personification of colonialism. Going into the Congo, Marlow views the natives as prehistoric evils in desperate need of white influence and civilization. doneout the physical journey, Marlow is confron ted with the natives time and time again, seeing them chained as slaves, living in a village and contend his own steam boat. Marlow holds fast his prejudiced view of the natives, referring to them as savages or calling them by more derogatory terms such as niggers.Through his exploration, he questions the humanity of Africans.According to him this deliberate stylistic obfuscation merely aided to satisfy the racial sentiments of the day, and Conrad was only acting as the purveyor of comforting myths income tax return argue that he was a polish writer who had to express his mettle with the English languageHowever, in his authors note he writes how over exaggeration is used. colourless theme given sinister resonance perhaps explains the extreme savage image. It can also be verbaliseMuch of his animalistic language of the black race conforms to the evolutionary trope of Charles Darwin whose views became entrenched in society. African on all fours like ants.So for someone, who ha d little contact, he makes use of these derogatory stereotypes, and it can be said that he relies on these preconceived ideas and western baggage since they dominate his descriptions. Maintains, and justifies imperialism, and although he witnesses the horror of colonialism and suppression of the Africans, it is interesting to note his approval of high-octane imperialist activity. However, his constant questioning of imperialist values, and the sham of it all, reveal his anti essentialist views. slightly flatter noses. This acknowledges that the black race is more or less relate to whites, barring a few inconsequential physical attributes.Kurtz on the other hand memorialises no remorse whatsoever. He holds the absolute essential view to terminate all the blacks. He holds the ideology of making the black race extinct. Hes a ruthless ivory trader, and arranges for the dead heads to displayed on poles. The white race use crude violence, and brute force. Very occasionally the natives show resistance, but their left largely helpless against the overpowering military control of the Europeans. They have no authority or voice. The colonists have become corrupted. They are blinded by the notion that this is their sacred duty to uphold the superiority of the colonial empire and white heritage.Through Marlow disapproval, he shows and exposes the Europeans, is equally deameaning, offensive, and undermines their superiority. flabby white devils.. Critiques immoral European behaviour. Transcends such prejudice, shows him to rise above racism. Ridicules benevolent project of civilisation. Uses an ambivalent tone to show the violent colonial enterprise. Kurtz the ultimate satanic, racist. Has the centre of darkness.However if he is showing Africa to be the reason for the deterioration of the European mans morale, it merely becomes a backdrop which eliminates the African as human factor. They have become marginalised. This marginalisation shows further through Kurtz mistre ss. He is racist towards her, but not so to his white woman.333 But its interesting, that Marlow does approve of efficient colonialism. Puts in a section of Brtish colonialism. It is almost with this preconceived mindset that Marlow almost succumbs to this same worst impulsive violent mindset (look at thinking lit come bold). Going further into self discovery and realises his own heart of darkness. Paints Africa as the heart of darkness, suggesting that its wilderness and wild inhabitants drive the Europeans to insanity and violence. Takes this stance to almost show how the Dark Continent is responsible for his behaviour, thus showing it to be the cause of Kurtzs insanity. Almost blaming Africans that they hold out temptations. His racist sentiments continue throughout.However, unlike the other colonists, Marlow does show some sympathy and admiration towards the natives a viewpoint, emphasising his forward thinking mindset. Upon his very first encounter, he praises there vitality, muscles and seems entirely at peace with them. Gives the dying man a biscuit, and becomes friends with helman. Has a remote kinship with them as opposed to nothing with Europeans. Therefore it can be evaluated that he is just brainwashed by the political science of the time, but his contemplative nature, allows him to see through the cracks, and appreciate the African race. Later descriptions thus allow for readers to see the pissedity of racism. (Cedric Watts)Conclusion Although Marlow shows himself to be concerned with the heart of humankind, and the souls of individuals, the text emerged out of the very centre of racism and imperialism, therefore Marlow can be seen as merely replicating the colonial discourses available to him. Although he criticises the extreme savage ness of Imperialism, he discourse is grounded in political, economic interest. He simply looks at Africa through a haze of distortions and cheap mystifications. It can be said that Conrad just uses Marlow to confirm and consolidate the wildest fantasies of the African savages to his European readers. However in my opinion his racist exaggeration and imperialist critique, are used to show how absurd racism was.http//www.123helpme.com/view.asp?id=7947

Identifying An Organizational Structure In A Startup Business Essay

Identifying An organisational Structure In A Startup Business EssayOrganizational body mental synthesis contains activities such as coordination, supervision and task altogetherocation, which are directed towards all achievement aimed by an organization. It can likewise be considered as the screening glass or perspective through which individuals see their environment and the organization.Most likely there are m both organizations that wear graded structures, but non all companies do fol little the grading steps. Most organizations are with variants of gathered entities. Different organizations have distinguishable variants of gathered entities.An organization can be incorporate in different other ways. It all depends on their objectives. The structure of the organization would determine the modes in which it performs and operates. An organizational structure allows the expressed distribution of responsibilities for different processes and functions to diverse and different units such as the department, fiddle gathering, branch, and individual.All organizational structure does affect any organizational actions in generally two big ways. Firstly, an organizational structure provides foundation on which standard routines rest and operating procedures. Secondly, the organizational structure determines which individuals get to do which particular decision-making processes, and also to extent their views in shaping the organizations work actions.Types of Organizational Structure1.2.1 Bureaucratic structureBureaucratic structures have their certain grade of standardization. They are more suited for larger scale or more complex organizations. They usually have a very tall structure. Then strain among non-bureaucratic and bureaucratic structures is reverberated in Burns and Stalker distinction between organic and mechanistic structures. It is not the entire thing about bureaucratic structure. It is very much complex and useful for graded structured organi zation, mostly and primary(prenominal)ly in tall organizations. The other way of understanding the characteristics of bureaucracy structure are a ranked structure, a clear defined responsibilities and roles, also a respect for merit.1.2.2 usable structureAll employees within the functional component parts of an organization are often to perform a specified set of tasks, for example in the engineering department there would be a specified group of engineers that would be staffed. For example, they could be staffed with software engineers. This could lead to a lack of communication between the functional groups within the organization. This would make the organization very inflexible and slow. A functional organization is best suited for producer of standardized work and goods at large volume at low cost. Specialization and coordination of tasks are normally centralized in the functional structure, which makes it to produce a limited amount of services or products expectable and e fficient. Efficiencies can be realized as functional organizations integrate their activities vertically so that products those are distributed and sold quickly at low cost. A crushed business could start making the mechanisms it requires for production of their products instead of just procuring the product from an external organization. It is not only beneficial for an organization it is also beneficial for the employees faiths1.2.3 Divisional StructureThis is also known as a product structure, the divisional or product structure divides every organizational function into different division. Each and division within the divisional structure consist of all the necessary functions resources and within it. Divisions are categorized in different points of view. One might make distinctions on a product basis /service basis or on geographical. Different products for different customers households or companies. another(prenominal) good example is an automobile company they have differen t division such as a division for the four heel drive, a division for sedan car, a division for compact cars and more. Each division might have their own sales, marketing and engineering departments.1.2.4 Matrix structureThe matrix structure gathers employees by both product and function. This structure combines the best of both separate structures. A matrix organization normally uses groups of employees to complete any work, this is to make up for the weaknesses, as well as to take benefit of the strengths, of the decentralized and functional forms. For example a company produces two products, product A and product B. crop A would have different and versatile departments, product B would have the exact same structure and departments as the product A. Matrix structure is the purest of all the organizational structures, it is the most simple structure in emulating the companies demonstration.1.3 Type of CompanyThis company attires parties. It is a party planner company. This comp any plans all sorts of parties in any celebration. For example the organization does organise parties for wedding, birthdays, and many other functions in schools, companies and more. This company provides catering service too. Cleaning service after any function or ceremony is provided if this company had managed the event.Event management is the application of project management to the development and creation of events, conferences, and festivals. Event management includes studying the details of the brand, identifying the objectives of the audience, planning the idea of the event, planning the logistics and organizing the technical features before actually trying to execute the modalities of the planned event.The events that this company does are making games in a birthday party. For example, for a tiddlers birthday party that is twelve years and below, we provide them with clowns, magicians, and simple events such as musical chairs for the kids. For birthday party of the adult s, sixteenth birthday would be a great example, this company provides disk jockey (DJ) to have some music, this company provides the state of the art lighting service, and more. For parties that this company plans for a wedding is small games for the groom and the bridegroom. These games are chosen by our customers. The games that we provide are not only for the groom and bride groom but it is also for the people who attends the wedding ceremony.1.4 Functional StructureThe organizational structure that had been chosen for this company is the divisional structure. This is because this structure has the simplest form of organizing people into different departments to prepare the necessary needs in the organization. The main reason of choosing this structure is that we could divide groups of people into department. For example a group of people will be on the in the lighting department, a group of people will be in the music department, a group of people will be in the cleaning departm ent and many more.1.4.1 AdvantagesThe advantage of having this structure is that the manager or the boss of this organization can easily see the process of network of the people working under them. It is easy to organize people in this structure in order to make things happen. It is also easy to control the employees or workers in this form.1.4.2 DisadvantagesThe disadvantages are that if the company does not have enough workers the organization has to find for new fresh workers. The managers cannot just move employees from department A into another department B. This is because department A would be absent of workers to finish work on time.1.5 Illustration of Functional StructureForeman (arrangement)Foreman (cleaning department)Foreman (music)Foreman (lighting)Site AgentMaterial Buying behave Scheduling OfficeProject ManagerProject ManagerProject ManagerFinance directorPersonnel DirectorSite Operation DirectorMarketing DirectorManaging director1.6 ConclusionThis structure Is real ly the best for all event managing companies. This structure helps a lot in dividing groups in various kinds of departments and making it so easy for the managers to manage the progress very smoothly without any problem.The fear of facing the weakness of this company is sometimes very wonderful and it would not be as terrifying at times. The terrifying moment of weakness is when the company Is lack of workers at the last minute. that is really a unsuitable news for this kind of organizational structure.

Management And Treatment And Psychosocial Aspects Of Pneumonia Biology Essay

Management And Treatment And Psychosocial Aspects Of Pneumonia Biology EssayThis essay will explore the pathophysiology, management and treatment, and psychosocial aspects of pneumonia in an large patient. training has been obtained by the means of history taking, examination, and analysing the patients medical records to form a case study in which the sections mentioned will be considered in relation to the case study. prick A Case HistoryVD is a 68 year old female who was admitted into the acute medical unit (AMU) on 29/1/11 following complaints of generally feeling unwell and pectus imposition. She had a history of feeling unwell since 25/1/11 coupled with chest pain. This pain was a sharp pain under her well(p) breast which was intermittent and radiated around her chest to her back. The pain was worse on inspiration or when coughing, and was relieved by over-the-counter analgesia. She similarly felt sweaty, pyrexic (39.7 C), had rigors and aches over her body, however she was not short of breath. She also had symptoms of a non productive dry cough, poor passion and vomiting once in AMU (watery and colourless). She previously had no episodes of nausea and vomiting, no palpitations or headaches, no urinary symptoms and normal catgut movements. She has not had any juvenile contact with anyone who had similar symptoms.In her past medical history she was diagnosed with Sjgrens syndrome and systemic sclerosis last year both systemic autoimmune diseases. She was on cardinal courses of antibiotics last year for associated pleuritic chest pain.Her family history consisted of her father having ischaemic heart disease (IHD) and her mother dying from lung hindquarterscer, although she was a heavy smoker. She currently lives with her husband at home and her occupation is as a shop assistant this indicates that the infection she has is most likely to be community acquired. She has been a lifelong non-smoker and she does not potable alcohol. She was on no regu lar medication prior to being admitted, just now is now on 1000mg of paracetamol four times a day (QDS) and 500mg of amoxicillin iii times a day (TDS). She has no allergies.On examination in a respiratory ward, VD was apyrexial with a blood pressure reading of 95/65, a heart rate of 95 beats per minute and a respiratory rate of 18 breaths per minute. Oxygen saturations (SATS) were 96% in air and she was speech in full sentences, whilst tone generally comfortable at rest. Her hands seemed dry and scaly on inspection but there were no abnormalities on her face. On palpation of her chest, there was equal chest expansion and no tracheal deviation. There were also no enlargement of cervical or supraclavicular nodes. On percussion, there were dull sounds that could be heard on both right and left lung bases. On ausculatation, coarse crackles could also be heard in the right and left lung bases. There were no abnormal heart sounds heard and her capillary refill time (CRT) was less than 3 seconds. Her abdomen was soft and non tender, and normal bowel sounds were heard. There was normal tone, power and reflexes in all 4 limbs and her Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score was 15/15.Her arterial blood gas values were as follows pH 7.43, pCO2 5.49, pO2 10.1, HCO3- 26.8, basal excess of 2.8 and glucose of 5.6 these values indicated that she was not in respiratory failure. She was also found to have a raised C reactive protein (CRP) of 210, with a high neutophil count of 10.1. Her chest roentgenogram film revealed consolidation in her right lung base and no pneumothorax. The impression from the x-ray was that it was right let down lobar pneumonia (Figure 1 is an example of what VDs x-ray would have looked like). 1 No blood cultures were recorded in her notes as it was assumed that out-of-pocket to the neutrophilia the likely source was bacterial. later being initially treated with intravenous (IV) antibiotics in hospital, her symptoms were relieved, no crackles could be hear d and her chest was clearing up on 1/2/11. She was then discharged in the afternoon on 2/2/11 given the instructions to continue with her course of oral amoxicillin.Section B Pathophysiology entryPneumonia target be described as an inflammation to the lungs distal airways, particularly the alveoli, usually with a bacterial infection being the origin. 2 3 It clinically presents as an acute illness which can include fever, cough and purulent sputum, although the latter was not present in VD. Pneumonias can be classified by the site of the consolidation (anatomically), or by the aetiology of the disease (see Table 1). 2 3 VD was suspected to have lobar pneumonia after looking at her chest x-ray. The majority of lobar pneumonias argon due to Streptococcus pneumonia and can affect a large part, or a whole lobe of the lung. 3Lobar PneumoniaThere argon four stages to the pathology of lobar pneumonia, which is a classic example of acute inflammation these argon congestion, red hepatisati on, grey hepatisation and resolution. 3 congestion is the first stage and lasts for approximately 24 hours. This is represented by protein-rich exudates leaking into the alveolar spaces and also causation venous congestion consequently causing the lung to suffer oedematous, heavier and redder in colour. 3 The next stage is red hepatisation which has a duration of a a couple of(prenominal) days. Large numbers of polymorphs (neutrophils and basophils) accumulate in the alveolar spaces along with well-nigh lymphocytes and macrophages. 3 Many erythrocytes are extravasated from the distended capillaries into the lung tissue, along with the overlying pleura being covered with fibrinous exudates. 3 The lung is now solid and airless, resembling a fresh liver. Figure 1 supports the latter statement by showing a solid consolidation in the right lower lobe. When the lung becomes grey and solid, this is grey hepatisation. This also lasts a few days and represents further accumulation of fi brin coupled with the destruction of leukocytes and erythrocytes. 3 The final stage is resolution, whereby the lung reverts to its normal condition. 4 This happens at approximately 8-10 days in cases which are untreated and is when the electric cells and fibrin in the alveoli undergo fatty degeneration. 3 4 This manages the exudates to be converted into an emulsion, producing a yellow pus-like appearance. 4 The exudates are now in a condition where they can be reabsorbed, whilst preserving the underlying alveolar wall structure. 3 4 The lungs would be softer but re of import solid, and this would be confirmed on an x-ray by consolidation of the lungs.Co-morbiditiesVDs history also mentioned having a background history of Sjgrens syndrome and systemic sclerosis both systemic autoimmune diseases. Sjgrens syndrome is an inflammatory disease that preponderantly affects the exocrine glands with an association to HLA-B8/DR3, which usually causes dryness in the eyes and mouth. 2 5 However it can also cause extra glandular problems such(prenominal) as Raynauds phenomenon, arthritis and lung inflammation, causing degradation of the lining of the bronchioles and alveoli consequently causing lung infections. 2 5 6Systemic sclerosis, also known as systemic scleroderma, is a multi-system autoimmune disease in which the cause is unknown. 2 It mainly causes tightness and hardening of the skin (such as VDs hands) but other systems can also be affected, such as the lungs. 2 There is some destruction to the lungs in patients with scleroderma which can cartroad to right heart failure due to pulmonary hypertension. 7 Other complications that involve the lungs include pulmonary haemorrhage, pneumothorax and pneumonia. 7SummaryVD had come in with an acute infection and was diagnosed with pneumonia. Her right lower lobe was amalgamate meaning that she has had it for a few days as protein exudates have leaked into the alveolar spaces and becoming fibrinous, showing up as solid on the chest x-ray, with her CRP (a mark of inflammation) also being raised. VDs medical history last year stated that she had suffered from two previous chest infections that required antibiotics for her to recover. This could possibly be due to the autoimmune diseases aforementioned that she had recently been diagnosed with, causing her to be more predisposed to contracting infections, especially in her respiratory tract. She is currently not on immunosuppressant drugs, but if she were to be for her autoimmune conditions it would then be detrimental to her immune system. This would leave her still being prone to acquiring infections, leaving her in quite a predicament.Section C Treatment and ManagementVD was on 1000mg of oral paracetamol QDS and 500mg of oral amoxicillin three TDS by the time she was moved to the respiratory ward. The main actions of these drugs were to improve her feverous symptoms and pain whilst also attempting to clear up her infection.ParacetamolParacetamol (a lso known as acetaminophen in the USA) is one of the most widely used non-narcotic, analgesic and antipyretic over-the-counter drugs in the world. 8-11 It has properties resembling those of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as its analgesic and antipyrexic actions, which can be traced back to the banning of the central nervous systems prostaglandin (PG) synthesis. 8 9 It also shares some anti-inflammatory properties, however it does not produce the platelet or gastric side effects that the other NSAIDs do, thus causing argument as to whether it should even be classified as an NSAID at all. 8 It is commonly given orally and is metabolised in the liver, with a half(prenominal) life of approximately 2-4 hours, hence why VD was given it QDS to avoid toxic doses.Mechanism of ActionIt is considered that the main mechanism of paracetamol is the inhibition of the enzyme cyclooxygenase (COX), cyclooxygenase-2 in particular as studies have shown that it is highly selective towards it. Due to its high selectivity towards COX-2, its inhibition towards pro-clotting thromboxanes is limited. 9 It is said that paracetamol works centrally and is a pale inhibitor of PG synthesis in intact cells, if the concentrations of arachidonic irate available are low enough, through the inhibition of COX-1 and COX-2. 12 This concept was based on look for that discovered that PG production in the brain was more sensitive to inhibition from paracetamol by tenfold compared to the spleen. 9 The COX enzymes are responsible for the metabolism of prostaglandin H2 from arachidonic acid. 9 This is an unstable molecule that can form many pro-inflammatory compounds COX is highly active when oxidised. 9 12 The oxidised form of the COX enzyme is decreased by paracetamol, stopping it from creating pro-inflammatory compounds. This lowers the amount of PGE2 in the central nervous system, therefore decreasing the set-point of the thermoregulatory centre in the hypothalamus. 9Exactly how the mechanism of the inhibition of the COX enzymes is still in discussion. Due to the differences of activity between NSAIDs and paracetamol, it is thought that there may be another variant of the COX enzyme that paracetamol interacts with, COX-3 a connect variant of the COX-1 enzyme however this is just a hypothesis and has yet to be proven. 8 9 12Side EffectsWhen paracetamol is given at therapeutic doses adverse effects are uncommonly seen, although allergic skin reactions are sometimes observed. 8 Fatal hepatotoxicity can be potentially caused by toxic doses of paracetamol (10-15 grams). 8 Initial symptoms are nausea and vomiting, followed by liver damage after 24-48 hours. 8 13 This happens when the enzymes in the liver, cytochrome P450, catalysing the normal conjugation reactions become saturated, and consequently causes the drug to be metabolised instead by mixed function oxidases. 8 A toxic metabolite, N-acetyl-p-benzoquinoneimine, is formed and inactivated by conjugat ion with glutathione. 8 13 However when glutathione levels are depleted, the toxic metabolite accumulates and reacts with nucleophilic constituents in the cell, causing necrosis in the liver and kidney tubules. 8ContraindicationsParacetamol is generally well tolerated by the liver when polypharmacy is involved. However, evidence has shown that continuing alcoholics are more susceptible to paracetamol hepatotoxicity, even at therapeutic levels. 13 Chronic alcohol ingestion induces hepatic microsomal enzymes (CYP2E1) by twofold and can increase paracetamol hepatotoxicity, due to increased amounts of the toxic metabolite. 13AmoxicillinAmoxicillin is a moderate to broad spectrum, -lactam antibiotic that is commonly used to treat infections that are caused by susceptible bacteria, pneumonia being one of them. 8 14 A derivative of penicillin, this semi synthetic -lactam antibiotic is created by adding different side fetter to the penicillin nucleus, causing it to become broad-spectrum. 8 It is sometimes combined with clavulanic acid in treatment to form co-amoxiclav, which is more effective in treatment nowadays due to the increase in antibiotic resistance microorganisms are now developing a resistance to penicillins by secreting -lactamases and the addition of clavulanic acid inhibits this enzyme. 8Pharmokinetic AspectsThe routes of administration are quite vast when given orally, amoxicillin is absorbed to a different degree compared to other penicillins as it depends on their stability in acid and their adsorption to foodstuffs in the gut. 8 It can also be administered through intramuscular or intravenous injections however intrathecal administration is generally avoided as it can cause convulsions. 8 Elimination of amoxicillin is rapid and mainly due to the kindneys, with 90% being through tubular secretion. This however may be advantageous as the inhibition to cell wall synthesis is intermittent rather than continuous, and exposure to the drug is reduced. 8Me chanism of Action-lactam antibiotics inhibit the synthesis of the bacterial cell wall peptidoglycan leading to lysis of the bacterium this peptidoglycan is crucial for the structural integrity of the cell wall in bacteria, particularly organisms that are Gram-positive. 8 In the synthesis of a peptidoglycan, the final stage is transpeptidation which involves transpeptidases known as penicillin binding proteins (PDPs). -lactam antibiotics attach to these PDPs on bacteria and inhibit the transpeptidases that cross-link the peptide chains attached to the backbone of the peptidoglycan. 8 15 16 The -lactam antibiotics are closely related to D-alanyl, the terminal amino acid of the peptidoglycan layer. 15 16 The similarity between these two structures allows for the antibiotic and the amino acid to promote their binding to the PDP. 15 The binding of the -lactam nucleus to the residue of the PDP is irreversible, and it is this irreversible binding of the PDP that disrupts the final transpep tidation of the peptidoglycan layer and consequently inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis. 8 15 16 The inhibition of transpeptidation due to the -lactams causes an accumulation of peptidoglycan precursors, which initiates autolytic enzymes to lyse the excess peptidoglycan. 8 Under normal circumstances, the peptidoglycan precursors inhibit the autolytic enzymes however the -lactams inactivate this and obtain the process. 8Unwanted EffectsPenicillins are mainly free from toxic effects. The main side effects are hypersensitivity reactions caused by by-products of the breakdown of penicillin, which combine with the array protein and become antigenic. 8 Skin rashes and fever are common but much more serious is acute anaphylactic shock which can be fatal in some cases. 8 When administered orally, penicillins, particularly broad-spectrum types such as amoxicillin, can disturb the bacterial flora in the gut this can be associated with gastrointestinal (GI) disturbances. 8SummaryVD had n o complications and responded well to the treatment that she was given. It was suspected that she had community acquired pneumonia and that the treatment would be a broad-spectrum antibiotic to fight the infection. Paracetamol was also prescribed to alleviate her symptoms. As paracetamol and amoxicillin work on different receptors, there were no contraindications to her treatment. She was given medication intravenously, but once she moves onto oral amoxicillin, she mustiness be aware of GI side effects that may occur.Section D Psychosocial Aspects and Public HealthPsychosocial AspectsAlthough initially there may not be many psychosocial aspects to pneumonia, VD could be suffering indirectly from it. A sufferer of Sjgrens syndrome, VD is susceptible to fatigue which can be physically and mentally exhausting. This can lead to depression, emotional stress and general lethargy. As VD is susceptible to getting infections such as pneumonia due to Sjgrens syndrome, it can also further m eet on her psychologically whilst dealing with those infections as her quality of life may be significantly reduced. 17 It is important that a patient with Sjgrens syndrome can actors line these issues to a health professional if they are ever in distress as psychosocial factors may lead to non-compliance in their treatment.EpidemiologyThere have been many existence studies that have been investigating the annual incidence rate of community acquired pneumonia (CAP). In adults, this can vary from, 2.6-13.4 per 1000 inhabitants, with somewhat higher figures in males and at the extreme point ages of life. 18 19 Rates of hospitalization range between 22-51%, with annual mortality rates between 0.1-0.7 per 1000 patients. 20 In approximately 50% of patients with CAP, a pathogen of cause was determined. Streptococcus pneumoniae is found in 20-75% of the cases followed by Mycoplasma pneumoniae at 1-18%, Chlamydia pneumoniae at 4-19% and other viruses from 2-15%.20 C. pneumoniae, however, has arisen as a noteworthy pulmonary pathogen in adult pneumonia patients requiring hospitalization. 20Cost-effectiveness of Patient CareOn average there are roughly 4.5 million visits annually to outpatient clinics, emergency departments and physicians offices due to CAP. 21 However, there has been genuinely little in terms of studies gathering national data on the embodys of CAP treatment. One study showed that there was, a total cost of $4.8 billion for treating patients aged 65 years and $3.6 billion for treating patients aged ConclusionVD was an elderly woman who was admitted into hospital complaining of acute chest pain and fever for the last few days. After taking a detailed history and examination from her, and with confirmation from a chest X-ray she was diagnosed with right lower lobe community acquired pneumonia. Due to the high neutrophil count in her alveolar spaces, the causative pathogen was most likely to be bacterial and so VD was instantly treated with intraven ous amoxicillin, a broad spectrum -lactam antibiotic that works by inhibiting peptidoglycan synthesis in bacterial cell walls. Paracetamol was also prescribed to alleviate her feverish and chest pain symptoms by inhibiting COX enzymes and PG synthesis in the CNS. Having been diagnosed with chronic autoimmune diseases that can lead to increased susceptibility to chest infections, this can lead to psychological issues such as depression. Recurrent admissions will also be costly to the NHS if alternative treatments that can allow patients to be treated in an outpatient vista are possible, then there could be significant reductions in cost, particularly for patients over 65.

Analysis of the Coca Cola Company Essay -- Businesses Coca Cola Market

Analysis of the coca Cola CompanyHistory Coca-Cola enterprises Incorporated, employees 66,199 operates, 444 facilities, 47,235 vehicles, 1.9 million pieces of cold drink equipment and exchange 3.8billion unit cases in 46 states in the united states, all 10 provinces of Canada and portions of Europe including Belgium, France, Great Britain, Luxembourg and the Netherlands (Coca-Cola facts 99). An, Atlanta Pharmacist Dr. John Slyth Pemberton founded Coca-Cola on May 8, 1886. The carmel colored ingredients, Coca leaves and kola nuts. Later the drink was striped of narcotics. The drink was first designed as a drug that will help people feel better. Pemberton sold his new drink for 5 cents a glass. Some time later carbonated water was added to the syrup and that is how Coca-Cola was invented. Dr. Pemberton sold Coca-Cola expose of the pharmacy he worked at. The pharmacy was owned by, a man named hotdog M. Robinson. Robinson suggested Coca-Cola as a name for Pembertons drink. The two me n took an old oilcloth sing and hung it in the window saying make whoopie Coca-Cola. They averaged nine glasses sold a day. In 1886 Pemberton became sick he sold some of his portions of his interest too Asa G. Candler. In 1888 Pemberton died, and Asa Candler began buying all the out standing shares of Coca-Cola. Candler was and Atlanta druggist and businessman. Candler knew Coke was going to be something big. He then had complete control by 1891 for $2,300. In 1892, Candler and his brother John Candler, Frank Robinson and two other associates formed Coca-Cola Company in Georgia. Candler was a master at marketing. He handed out coupons for one free glass of Coca-Cola. He also promoted the beverage by painted walls, Clocks, outdoor posters, serving trays and fountain urns. Candler marketing stragety worked Coke was available everywhere. The sales took off. People started forecasting Coca-Cola Coke They urged the customers to call it by its full name, but Coke just stuck. In 1894, th e company opened its first syrup manufacturing plant outside Atlanta in Dallas Texas. The side by side(p) year plants opened in Chicago and Los Angeles. Three years after the Coca-Cola Companys incorporation Candler announced in the annual report Coca-Cola in the now rummy in every state and territory in the United States (History of Coca-Cola Company). Joseph A. Biedenharn, of Vicksburg, Mississippi installed ... ...olas target areas are grocery stores, recreational areas, shops, malls and sporting events. The mass of distribution to cus Bibliography Bibliography Associated Press. Coca-Cola Recalls more Tainted Drinks. Boston Globe CD-ROM, 3 July 1999, National/Foreign Section, p. A4. Available BOSTON GLOBE File 631. Coca-Cola Enterprises, Inc. Facts 1999. Atlanta Coca-Cola Enterprises, Inc., 1999. Coca-Colas Global Dominance. https//www.wiley.com8082/schermerhorn/ oc/page01.htm (13 Oct. 1999). Coke Insider. Investors Business Daily. Mahoney, Ed. dissemination Manager for Coca -Cola Enterprises. Group Interview. 4 November 1999. Pendergrast, Mark. For God, Country, and Coca-Cola. New York, N.Y. Charles Scribners Son Publishing Co., 1993. The Coca-Cola Company. Facts, Figures, and Features. Atlanta The Coca-Cola Company, 1996. The Coca-Cola Company Overview. Hoovers Company Profiles. wysiwyg// bodyframe.14/http//ehostweb14.epnet.com/fulltext.asp (23 Sept. 1999). The Coca-Cola Company. Profiles. http//www.coca-colacompany.com/ world/world.html (10 Nov. 1999). The Coca-Cola Company. The Chronicle of Coca-Cola Since 1886. Atlanta The Coca-Cola Company, 1950.

Cortés :: History

Corts Corts, Hernn or Cortez, Hernando (1485-1547), Spanish explorer and conqueror of the Aztec Empire of Mexico. Corts was born in Medelln, Extremadura. He studied law at the University of Salamanca, but cut short his university career in 1501 and decided to try his fortune in the New World. He sailed for Santo Domingo in the spring of 1504. In 1511 he joined the Spanish soldier and administrator Diego Velzquez in the conquest of Cuba, and subsequently became alcalde (mayor) of Santiago de Cuba. In 1518 he persuaded Velzquez, who had beco1me regulator of Cuba, to give him the command of an expedition to Mexico. The mainland had been discovered the year before by the Spanish soldier and explorer Francisco Fernndez de Crdoba and subsequently by Juan de Grijalva, nephew of Velzquez. On February 19, 1519, Corts, with a force of some 600 men, fewer than 20 horses, and 10 field pieces, set sail from Cuba, despite the cancellation of his commission by Velzquez, who had become suspicious th at Corts, once in a position to establish himself independently, would refuse to recognize his authority. Corts sailed along the coast of Yucatn and in March 1519 landed in Mexico, subjugating the town of tabasco the artillery of the Spaniards, the ships, and particularly the horses filled the indigenouss with awe. From the natives of Tabasco Corts learned of the Aztec Empire and its ruler, Montezuma II. Corts took numerous captives, one of whom, Malinche (baptized Marina), became his mistress out of loyalty to him she acted as the interpreter, guide, and guidance for the Spaniards. Finding a better harbor a little north of San Juan, the Spaniards moved there and established a town, La Villa Rica de la Vera Cruz (now Veracruz). Corts organise an independent government, and renouncing the authority of Velzquez, acknowledged only the supreme authority of the Spanish crown. In order to prevent those of his small force who opposed this movement from deserting him and carrying the d iscussion to Cuba, Corts destroyed his fleet. After negotiations with Montezuma, who tried to persuade Corts not to enter the capital city of Tenochtitln, Corts started his famous march inland. He overcame the native Tlascalans and then formed an alliance with them against the Aztecs, their enemies. From that time until the conquest was achieved, the Tlascalans continued to be the most important of all the native allies of the Spaniards.

Future of an Illusion by Sigmund Freud Essay -- Future Illusion Sigmun

Future of an Illusion by Sigmund Freud In his book Future of an Illusion, Sigmund Freud utilizes his order of psychoanalysis on godliness by comparing the relationship between human and pietism to that of a child and his parents. Freud effectively demonstrates that religion is a harvest-time of the human mind. After exposing religion as a an illusion, Freud concludes that humanity will be better off when it has forgone religion. This paper will argue that Freuds assertion that religion is an illusion is correct because of its blatantly traceable evolution through the history of the human civilization and psyche.The first argument that Freud makes in his assault on religion regards civilization. Freud argues that human civilization arose as a result of mankinds penurys to protect itself from nature. It was precisely because of these dangers with which nature threatens us that we came together and created civilization. (Freud, 19) As a result of the need for organization and manpo wer to prepare defenses against nature, the instincts of man had to be controlled. He furthers this argument by saying that two human traits, laziness and the unwilling nature of the battalion to listen to reason, are responsible for the necessity of the rule of law. Freud then describes the various methods of oppression that can be employed by civilization to halt instinctual privation. The more or less important of which he points out as being religion.The main reason that Freud ranks rel...

Comparison of the Use of Nature by Shelley and Wordsworth Essay

Both Shelley, in Ode to the West Wind, and Wordsworth, in Intimations of Immortality, are very similar in their use of genius to describe the life and death of the merciful spirit. As they both describe constitution these two poets use the comparison of how the Earth and all its life is the same as our own gentleman life. I feel that Shelley uses the seasons as a way of portraying the human life during reincarnation. Wordsworth seems to concentrate more on the stages that a person goes through during life. Shelley compares himself to such things as clouds, leaves, and waves. He is writing the poem as if he were an object of the earth, and what it is like to once live and then die only to be reborn. On the some opposite(prenominal) hand, Wordsworth takes images like meadows, fields, and birds and uses them to show what gives him life. Life being what ever a person needs to move on, and with out those objects cant have life. Wordsworth does not compare himself to these things l ike Shelley, unless instead uses them as an example of how he feels about the stages of living. Starting from an infant to a young boy into a man, a man who knows death is climax and can do nothing about it because its part of life.When a man becomes old and has nothing to appear forward to he will always numerate back, back to what are called the good old days. These days were full of young innocence, and no worries. Wordsworth describes these childhood days by saying that A single force field which I have looked upon, / Both of them speak of something that is gone The Pansy at my feet Doth the same tale repeat Whither is fled the visionary gleam? Where is it now, the glory and the dream?(190) other example of how Wordsworth uses nature as a way of dwelling on his past childhood experiences is when he writes O joy That in our embers / Is something that doth live, / That nature moreover remembers / What was so fugitive (192) Here an ember represents our fading years through li fe and nature is remembering the childhood that has escaped over the years. As outlying(prenominal) as Wordsworth and his moods go I think he is very touched by nature. I can picture him seeing life and feeling it in every flower, ant, and piece of grass that crosses his path. The emotion he feels is strongly suggested in this line To me the meanest flower that blows can give / Thoughts that do often lie to a fault deep for tears. (193) Not only is this showi... ...d of this poem Shelley asks, If Winter comes, can Spring be out-of-the-way(prenominal) behind? (678) Now I wonder if this is just another(prenominal) line emphasizing conversion and the similarities between the seasons. Or is Shelley saying this because he is getting the sense that the closer he gets to death the more he questions whether rebirth is real.So after close examination of both these pieces of literature I feel that the differences between these two poets is that Wordsworth looks back on how life was and Shelley wonders whats after death. I would have to say that theyre very similar in the way that they use nature as a way of portraying human life. The use of how nature affects them and their love for nature brings me to that conclusion. So what makes these pieces so powerful? Really its not the reasoning between life and death its the comparison of how other living things on Earth that we take for granted are similar to us as a human race. When these two poets look at a flower or a sunset they see more than just a pretty flower or a beautiful sunset they see what life is make up of, which is wonderful at times and ugly at other times. Like the saying goes you cant have good without evil. Comparison of the Use of Nature by Shelley and Wordsworth Essay Both Shelley, in Ode to the West Wind, and Wordsworth, in Intimations of Immortality, are very similar in their use of nature to describe the life and death of the human spirit. As they both describe nature these two po ets use the comparison of how the Earth and all its life is the same as our own human life. I feel that Shelley uses the seasons as a way of portraying the human life during reincarnation. Wordsworth seems to concentrate more on the stages that a person goes through during life. Shelley compares himself to such things as clouds, leaves, and waves. He is writing the poem as if he were an object of the earth, and what it is like to once live and then die only to be reborn. On the other hand, Wordsworth takes images like meadows, fields, and birds and uses them to show what gives him life. Life being what ever a person needs to move on, and with out those objects cant have life. Wordsworth does not compare himself to these things like Shelley, unless instead uses them as an example of how he feels about the stages of living. Starting from an infant to a young boy into a man, a man who knows death is culmination and can do nothing about it because its part of life.When a man becomes o ld and has nothing to look forward to he will always look back, back to what are called the good old days. These days were full of young innocence, and no worries. Wordsworth describes these childhood days by saying that A single sports stadium which I have looked upon, / Both of them speak of something that is gone The Pansy at my feet Doth the same tale repeat Whither is fled the visionary gleam? Where is it now, the glory and the dream?(190) some other example of how Wordsworth uses nature as a way of dwelling on his past childhood experiences is when he writes O joy That in our embers / Is something that doth live, / That nature until now remembers / What was so fugitive (192) Here an ember represents our fading years through life and nature is remembering the childhood that has escaped over the years. As far as Wordsworth and his moods go I think he is very touched by nature. I can picture him seeing life and feeling it in every flower, ant, and piece of grass that crosses h is path. The emotion he feels is strongly suggested in this line To me the meanest flower that blows can give / Thoughts that do often lie as well deep for tears. (193) Not only is this showi... ...d of this poem Shelley asks, If Winter comes, can Spring be far behind? (678) Now I wonder if this is just another line emphasizing rebirth and the similarities between the seasons. Or is Shelley saying this because he is getting the sense that the closer he gets to death the more he questions whether rebirth is real.So after close examination of both these pieces of literature I feel that the differences between these two poets is that Wordsworth looks back on how life was and Shelley wonders whats after death. I would have to say that theyre very similar in the way that they use nature as a way of portraying human life. The use of how nature affects them and their love for nature brings me to that conclusion. So what makes these pieces so powerful? Really its not the reasoning between life and death its the comparison of how other living things on Earth that we take for granted are similar to us as a human race. When these two poets look at a flower or a sunset they see more than just a pretty flower or a beautiful sunset they see what life is make up of, which is wonderful at times and ugly at other times. Like the saying goes you cant have good without evil.